Blood spatter Essay

Blood spatter is a common form of physical evidence at a death scene, and is often of major relevance. It is not a field in which all forensic pathologists feel confident, as in some jurisdictions it is regarded as totally within the domain of the forensic scientist and in others, the crime scene investigator. It should be reasonably regarded as a shared topic, one understood by all players, as each expert has an individual slant on the subject, and can thus provide separate insights. It is important to avoid evidence clashes. Examination and documentation of blood spatter, including what, where and how much, allows interpretation of the type and form of bleeding, and may provide a reconstruction of the incident and some surrounding circumstances. The form of report produced tends to vary with different departments, but usually is incorporated into the general scene report. Blood loss itself is due to breaches of blood vessels, and this may be due to natural disease processes or trauma. Typical examples of natural disease-causing problems at crime scenes include bleeding from a varicose skin ulcer, which is at ankle or shin level, and bleeding from lung cancer, which produces coughed-up blood. Both of these may be associated with widespread blood deposition. Commonly, these kinds of cases are associated with some degree of cleaning up or self-help, of a type consistent with a solitary life style. The type of loss is dependent on the kind of blood vessels involved. Veins return blood to the heart, operate at low pressure and flow is at a constant rate. A breach causes an ooze or pour of blood. On the other hand, arteries operate at high pressure and have a pulsatile flow. This produces a very variable flow rate, and a breach causes a spray or spurt of blood. The normal blood pressure peak and trough is 120/80mmHg at rest, but can be as high as 180-200mmHg with strenuous activity or stress, excluding any disease process. Obviously, this level may be expected in violent deaths. As veins and arteries commonly run parallel to each other, both types of vessels may be damaged at once. The size of vessel is also important, as small vessels will produce little blood, whereas the major vessels can bleed catastrophically. An arbitrary level of 200ml has been defined as the cut-off between a small and a large volume. The pathologist can rarely estimate the volume directly at the scene with any great degree of accuracy. The estimate may have to be done indirectly by crime scene examiners, such as by weighing areas of soaked carpet, and comparing this with dry areas. Classifications of Blood Stains: The appearance and the size of the blood patterns depend on the force by which they were created. When a sort of an object comes into direct contact with the blood, the force by which that object makes contact moves the blood and enhances its velocity. In some fashion the blood must react to this force transfer. Velocity is calculated in meters per second. There can be an evidence of three forms of blood spatter at a crime scene, high, medium or low blood spatter or a mix combination of these. The predictable process of categorizing blood stains was based on the connection between the speed of the force pressuring the blood drop or source that administer the individuality and dimension and distance of the resulting bloodstains. The three essential grouping of stain groups which were used based on the idea that the dimension of the blood stain being inversely comparative to the power useful to the still blood. Low Velocity Blood Spatter LVBS (Low Velocity Blood Spatters) are stains of blood which are created when the cause of blood is subjected to energy with the speed of up to 5 ft/sec. Major stains calculate normally 4mm in distance or superior. Medium Velocity Blood Spatter MVIS (Medium Velocity Blood Spatter) are stains of blood which are formed when the cause of blood is subjected to a might with a speed in between the range of 6 to 25 ft/sec. The distances of the consequential stains are in the mass range of 1 to 3 mm, even though larger and smaller bloodstains may be there. Stains in this group are normally connected with beatings and stabbings. High Velocity Blood Spatter HVBS (High Velocity Blood Spatter) are stains of blood formed when the cause of blood is subjected to a power with a speed of more than 100ft/sec. The width of the spatter is mainly less than 1mm, although larger and smaller bloodstains are frequently experiential within the outline. Bloodstains in this group are usually related with gun shots and explosions. Other device that formed bloodstains within the mass range of the usual high and medium velocities such as expiratory blood and satellite spatter bloodstains were not valued to the level that misunderstanding might and do occur. Most of the bloodstains forecasters have selected to stop this conservative terms and categorization for a more holistic advancement to bloodstain categorization. The subject that formed the rethinking of the conservative categorization of high-medium-low velocity was the diameter of sizes of stain among the high and medium velocity group and the understanding that devices other than stabbings, gunshots and beatings often formed stains with the dimension ranges within these groups. The pattern and bloodstains are confidential based on their substantial features of distribution, location, size, concentration and shape into inactive stains, splash stains or distorted stains. These are more confidential relation to method that may create stains with that uniqueness with mention to relevant scene, medicinal and case related history and facts of the proof. The forecaster than may be able to set up the exact method by which the outline was formed. More Analysis on the three classifications An abrasion or superficial laceration involves large numbers of very small to small vessels. This produces diffuse velocity from the whole area, and neither a pour nor a spray of blood would be expected. Incision of a superficial artery, such as in the wrist, involves larger vessels, with a small area of origin. This produces mainly a low velocity of blood due to pumping or spurting. A stab of a deep artery, as in the thigh, may mean involvement of a larger deep vessel. Here the presence of overlying tissues will interfere with the production of a spray, and the blood exits as a rapid pour, usually without spurting. However, there is usually still a clearly pulsatile element. But again this would be said as a low velocity blood spatter. The size of blood spots relates to the impulse of dispersal. Low velocity blood spatter such as venous bleeding, will produce large blood spots. A medium velocity blood spatter, such as produced by the use of a blunt instrument, will produce finer spots. High velocity blood spatter, as in gunshot injuries for example, will produce a fine spray. This can also be used in interpretation, as in the case of a crewman missing after an on-board explosion. There were several areas of very fine blood spray near the relevant hatch cover, and also on a broken ship’s railing. This clearly indicated that the deceased had been hit by the swinging hatch cover, and had broken the railing by force of his impact with it, during the course of being thrown overboard. Some knowledge of the injury pattern will produce the best results in interpretation. For example a slash of the neck might be expected to produce arterial spurts from large superficial vessels. A stab of chest could produce a medium flow, but if the stab is small or angulated, producing a degree of sealing, there may be little external bleeding. For example, multiple heart and aortic stabs with a skewer have been seen to produce only occasional external drops of blood. A stab of the lung may have the combination of direct bleeding from the stab and the expiration of blood mixed with air. Projected bleeding can also occur from mouth and nose following a gunshot wound of the head. During the bleeding process, the blood may be around the injury itself, and be capable of making contact impressions, or may have been projected away from the injury, and no longer be on the body at all. This blood may be around the body, and situated on bedding, furnishings, walls or carpet. The type of patterning will provide the pathologist with insights of where and how the deceased had moved. The blood may be on objects at the scene such as a weapon or a vehicle. The position, patterning and extent may indicate which part of the object caused the injury, and in turn, this may indicate the position of the deceased at the time of sustaining this injury. There may be minimal blood present at the scene, or what appears to be an inadequate amount, in view of the injuries. This may indicate that this is a secondary scene, and that the primary scene must be searched for elsewhere. Produce a fine spatter of blood at low level, with the last drops producing the greatest effect. This may outline the feet on the floor, and will also be present on the inner borders of the feet and the tops of the feet. The blood on the feet may subsequently be transferred elsewhere. The target surface is of major importance, and the effect is far less on a carpet than it would be on tiles, due to the reduced pool effect. Another significant aspect relates to blood which has been deposited from an injury onto a weapon, and is then cast off by the centrifugal force of swinging the weapon again. This may leave blood trails on ceilings or on high walls. There are various forms through which people can be killed. Listed are the few and the classification of which Velocity Blood stain it belongs to: Shootings (Medium and mostly high level Blood Spatter Velocity) Apart from the normal documentation of the scene, it is necessary to consider a number of specific matters. The pathologist must determine if the victim has moved during the course of the shooting, or has shown signs of activity afterwards. This can be done by noting the position of the body, the accessibility of the entry sites in the current body position, the presence of bullets or markings near the exit sites, and blood or tissue spatter patterns. There is usually little back spatter, but there may be considerable forward spatter, especially with more powerful weapons. It is worth bearing in mind that there may also be significant spatter extending from gas splits in the skin, and this could be at right angles to the main bullet track. Knife (Medium Velocity Blood Spatter) As mentioned above, the possibility of movement has to be considered. The volume of blood coming from an injury will depend on factors such as its type, situation and coverings, but if these are held in mind, then useful information can be gathered in order to reconstruct the incident. A knife or other sharp weapon is unlikely to cause damage to the scene, except in the most violent incidents, but it may be wiped or cleaned on the victim’s clothing or on furnishings, leaving a bloody outline. Axe (Mostly Medium Blood Spatter and at time High velocity) Because of the type of injury produced, these scenes tend to be very bloody. As there is a tendency to inflict multiple blows, there may also be evidence of the way in which these injuries were inflicted, as left by the spatter patterns. These patterns will frequently include cast-off spatter, as well as medium impulse spatter. There may even be loose fragments of soft tissue, bone or teeth. There maybe damage to the scene, particularly near to the body, due to missed hits. Fists and feet (Low velocity Blood Spatter) Assaults by kicking or stamping maybe associated with considerable contamination of the crime scene. This maybe in the form of a low-level blood spatter which may be evident up to a meter or so above ground level. Evidence of the type and position of an earlier phase of the assault is to be looked for, and blood pools that are separate from the final position of the body indicate periods of immobility. The ground surface has to be considered from the point of view of its being the possible anvil opposite some of the injuries, and thus help to interpret the assault. Footprint patterns may help to provide information as to whether bare or shod feet were used. Explosion (High Velocity Blood Spatter) Explosion scenes may extend from those where only a gram or two of explosive material is involved, to those involving tonnes of material. The pathologist’s approach will vary accordingly. Where a small quantity of material is involved, the pathologist should attempt to assess if there was any movement of the body from its original site to the point at which it is found. Blood and tissue spatter is most valuable here. The crime scene findings must be correlated with the burns and particulate damage later identified at the autopsy. The presence and role of any primary or secondary projectiles must be assessed. The author was involved in the investigation of an explosion on board a ship, where a crewman caused an explosion that blew him overboard. The body was not recovered, but damage to a hatch cover and the ships rail, both with deposition of high-impulse blood spatter and small tissue fragments indicated the extreme nature of the trauma that must have been sustained. Fragmentary body remains may be all that is recovered following a large explosion. As these may be covered with cement dust or other building materials, recognition of these remains at the scene may prove to be difficult, but this task is usually easier for a pathologist than other investigators. Work Cited Page †¢ Book Title: The Practice of Crime Scene Investigation. Contributors: John Horswell – author. Publisher: CRC Press. Place of Publication: Boca Raton, FL. Publication Year: 2004. †¢ Catten Ely (2000) Blood Spatter, What is it? From Suite 101. Retrieved on October 23, 2007, from http://www. suite101. com/article. cfm/crime_stories/34498 †¢ Louis L Akin (2005) Blood spatter interpretation at crime and accident scenes: a basic approach. (Focus on Forensics): An article from: The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Publication: The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (Magazine/Journal) †¢ Book Title Introduction to forensic science & criminalistics (2007) Publishers McGraw-Hill †¢ James, Stuart H. (2005) Principles of bloodstain analysis; theory and practice. Publisher CRC Press †¢ Blood Spatter (2006) Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Dundee. Retrieved on October 23, 2007 from http://www. dundee. ac. uk/forensicmedicine/notes/Bloodspatter. htm †¢ Base Pair (2004), Blood Spatter Pattern Analysis. Retrieved on October 23, 2007, from http://www. tx. ncsu. edu/Science_Olympiad/Coaches_workshop/2007%20Presentations/Blood%20Spatter%20Analysis. doc †¢ Blood and Stain Analysis. Retrieved on October 23, 2007, from http://home. iprimus. com. au/ararapaj/craigslea_testbed/Forensic%20Web%20Test%20Site/blood_analysis. htm

Tragedy Designed by Fate

Tragedy Designed by Fate book report on Jude the Obscure †a book Written by Thomas Hardy in the 19th century, Jude the Obscure is a masterpiece known by the world. It tells a story of Jude Fawley, the hero, and Sue, the heroine. Jude Fawley, a village stonemason, was always dreaming of going to the Christminster, a city modeled after Oxford. He spared no efforts to study Latin and Greek by himself. Although he was looked down upon by many people, he was still full of passion and confidence and eager to become a scholar. But his two-year- arriage with Arabella, a superficial woman who abandoned him later was terrible.Then he left for Christminster to pursue his goal and met his cousin Sue, his true love in the meanwhile. However, Jude failed in career and love, which I think were both fate-designed cases. No matter how diligent he was, Jude was impossible to get higher education because of his working-class Identity. university was only available for the upper-class. And this un fair fact couldnt be changed. In the first chapter, Jude's teacher Phillotson told him that he could choose his future by hard-working nd attending the university. But on the contrast, it adds to the tragic feature.Compared with Arabella, Sue was a free-spirited and well-educated woman. Before she and Jude lived together, Sue also experienced an unsatisfying marriage with Phillotson. So they were both afraid of getting married because they thought that marriage might ruin their love. They raised three kids including Jude's elder son delivered by Arabella. However. at the same time. they were at the mercy of social bias for their illegal relationship. They constantly suffered unemployment and had to ove from town to town, seeking employment and housing.Happy life no longer existed when Jude's elder son killed the other children and hung himself. The son left behind a note which simply read, â€Å"Done because we are too many. † I was astonished when I read this plot. The socia l pressure and their miserable experience even turned an Innocent boy to blame himself. That was cruel. After that, Sue suffered miscarriage, changed sharply and turned to church. She regarded their Illegal marriage as the sin of their children's deaths. At last, Sue remarried Phillotson as a alvation and Jude was lured by Arabella again.Jude drowned himself in the alcohol and after one desperate visit to Sue in freezing weather, Jude became seriously ill, ending his life miserably. I think their tragic life was victim of the age when Christianity was of great power. With the strict social rules, they could hardly fight back. What they could do In difficulties was to listen to the god and walt to see what would happen. Those invisible forces were even able to transform a person who used to be intelligent, open-minded and passionate into a numb and dead-alive person. port on Jude the Obscure By shirley_zy68 —-a book report on Jude the Obscure †-a book higher education be cause of his working-class identity. University was only available for the upper-class. And this unfair fact couldn't be changed. In the first chapter, delivered by Arabella. However, at the same time, they were at the mercy of social turned an innocent boy to blame himself. That was cruel. After that, Sue suffered miscarriage, changed sharply and turned to church. She regarded their illegal back. What they could do in difficulties was to listen to the god and wait to see what

Alternative Education Options 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Alternative Education Options 2 - Essay Example The school’s goal is to cost effectively attend to the needs of the school, enhance the environment and provide students with the platform to develop their skills and gain educational success. The set, benedict school philosophy is based on the 15000 year old Benedictine tradition. The school program differs from the other normal school programs in that its year is divided into summer phase, winter and spring phases. In summer the students gather for a five week program of till midday class while the freshmen have their five day classes overnight.in winter students have the regular school days and there is routine to the gym at 9:15 every morning. The spring phase concludes the academic year and students choose projects to work on for a period of four weeks. The school has firm discplinary policies. The school has about 18 groups with 20-30 members in each group where members are supposed to meet each day, participate in competitions as group and play an active role in operating the school. They are all responsible for each other. The student ratio is 13:1 a very effective structure. The school is run by the senior group leader, a beginning leader and four section leaders that cooperate in attaining the mission of the school. There is a great degree in uniformity in the school. They pray according to catholic programs and sing songs with the whole community in attendance. The student’s dress code acceptability is addressed by the headmaster and senior group leader and they have the right to authorize change at any time. Beginners wear gray and hoodies while members wear black. Students are not allowed to wear: hats, head-bands, ear muffs, gloves and may only wear one stud earring type. Sagging and hanging jewelry is not allowed. Black and brown Shoes should have no more than an inch heel and must be properly worn and tied. Any different form of shoe or dress is not acceptable. Family dynamics are intensely integrated in the school

The Moral Instinct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Moral Instinct - Essay Example However, the author points out that there are no clear avenues of reasoning and rationalization of the moral behaviors as different societies have different views concerning behavior, as much as people know that some behaviors are wrong and does not meet the standards of morality in the society, others don’t understand and can not justify them in this case. The article further elaborated on the different genealogy which also influences our moral behavior in the society as they were ranked depending on the perceived consequences that are likely to be displayed. The above concepts will be the key focusing point in this essay. Concepts/Claims The author argues that morality is universal having experienced a number of situations for its justification. He states that people are born with universal grammar, which makes them understand the speech structures without any conscious awareness about the rules in the play. He further states that by analogy, human beings are born with unive rsal grammar of morality which helps in analyzing the human actions in-terms of morality with little awareness (Compley et al 433). In this aspect, the author admits that human beings are born with morality part with them, and it can not be distinguished from them. Anyone who does not want to exercise morality does so because of his or her personal conscious. The author asserts that the moral sense is instinct in the design of the human brain, and it is very difficult to distinguish the morality in us from our everyday behavior. To justify the above concept, the author collected a list of universally accepted moral concepts and emotions. The collected moral concepts included distinctions between right and wrong, empathy, fairness, prosecution of murder, rape, admiration of generosity, shame taboos and sanction from wronging the community. The findings reveal that people are emotionally attached to the moral behaviors. The morality concepts start in early childhood as toddlers help t heir fellow by giving them toys and also comforting distressed persons. A four year old school going knows very well the dressing codes required in school and the dangers of hitting a fellow for whatever reason. The interviewed school children had the same response in regards to morality from the asked questions. From the above result from research conducted, morality is instinct and people are born with it making it universal phenomenon that everyone has to practice. Similarly, children are nurtured with morality when it is reinforced in them since it will stick and be part of them despite the external factors which might influence them. The second concept that the author puts forward is that morality is a psychological state of mind that can be put on and off. He argues that when the state is put on, the mind controls our thinking, which latter influences our actions in deciding what is wrong and right. The conscious mind, which is put on brings different hallmarks which are assoc iated with morality as being perceived to be universal. Rape and murder are universally immoral which are accepted in different societies hence universally warranted. Similarly, people feel that those who do wrong or exhibit immoral behaviors should be punished. This is not only to inflict pain on the offenders but also as a show that it is not allowed in the society (Comley et al

American Airlines Bankruptcy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Airlines Bankruptcy - Essay Example The airline company which was known to be the worlds largest carrier five years ago was forced into bankruptcy on account of various reasons including mergers and acquisitions which significantly affected its business in terms of reduction in number of customers. The company’s position declined steadily from number one to number 3, over the years behind United Continental and Delta Airlines. Source: CBS News (2011a) Furthermore the profits of the company were steadily declining since a long time now. It reported profits in only one quarter during the entire year in 2007 and recorded losses amounting to approximately $4.8 billion over a period of 3-3.5 years. Various airline analysts and experts estimated these losses to either shoot up or continue throughout 2012 (CNN Money, 2011). The American Airlines have filed for Chapter 11 Reorganization for Industry Competitiveness, bankruptcy protection. This type of bankruptcy is usually used by companies which are struggling financially and have large public debts, in order to reorganize their business. Unlike the other types of bankruptcies the Chapter 11 Reorganization bankruptcy allows the company to seek help in reorganizing its business, by restructuring its debts; prevents the creditors from suing or selling off the debtors assets to pay off the debts; and have the opportunity to resume business and emerge from bankruptcy. (Elias, 2011). The board of Directors at AMR decided to file for bankruptcy under this category considering the best interests of its stakeholders and at the same time gain time to restructure its debts, costs and obligations (American Airlines, 2011). The American Airlines will continue to operate according to its normal flight schedules and no changes will be made in the customer reservations. The operations will resume as usual. The company is likely to honor tickets and

The Pros and Cons of the Implementation of Fat Tax in the UK Essay

The Pros and Cons of the Implementation of Fat Tax in the UK - Essay Example This essay discusses that the United Kingdom is becoming ‘fat’. According to the National Health Services (NHS), obesity is one of the biggest problems confronting UK in the 21st century; obesity causes several diseases or health problems. As this problem is growing, there are many attempts to control it. There is a suggestion in the UK that a tax on junk food is the only solution to mitigate this problem. This essay critically evaluates the arguments for and against such proposal. People who support ‘fat tax’ argue that this proposal is likely to be effective because this strategy has been used to alcohol and cigarettes quite successfully. According to Jofre, the UK is considered to be the ‘fattest’ nation in Europe. In line with this, the rate of obesity in the UK is growing steadily, and time is short, which implies that ‘fat tax’ could be the perfect solution for obesity. For instance, Denmark is one of the slimmest countries in Europe because it implemented ‘fat tax’. It is also argued that ‘fat tax’ has an impact on health for it is widely known that sugar and fat are the main reason for obesity. Thus, the basis for the proposal becomes obvious. As stated by Jofre, if the public cannot take care of their health, then the government is obliged to take action. In contrast, people who are against this proposal believe that it is their choice, and not the responsibility of the government. But what are the real advantages and disadvantages of implementing ‘fat tax’ in the UK? An obvious advantage of ‘fat tax’ is the revenue it could generate. ‘Fat tax’ would probably have to be quite large so as to make a difference on food preference, producing additional revenues (Leicester & Windmeijer 2004). Such revenues could be used for obesity prevention and treatment agendas, or to fund the promotion of nutritious foods. There is logical argument for th e possible success of implementing ‘fat tax’ in order to lessen consumption of unhealthy foods. One of the main factors affecting food preference is price, together with ease, quality, and taste, and, to a lesser degree, health (Jofre 2010). ‘Fat tax’ has been proven to be successful in Denmark. However, implementing ‘fat tax’ is difficult. It is hard to determine what foods should be taxed. However, even though difficult to implement, Denmark, and other countries, have shown success in adopting ‘fat tax’. This proposal is disapproved of by other people for wrongly troubling the poor, for poor people consume higher quantities of junk foods and would hence be held back by ‘fat tax’ (Leicester & Windmeijer 2004). Yet, poor people may profit as well since price is more precious to poor people in choosing foods to eat, and thus ‘fat tax’ may result in major change in consumption behaviour for poor people in co mparison with rich ones who can buy nutritious foods. Especially, nutritious food decisions would have to be cheap and easy to get to. If not, poor people, who remain incapable of buying nutritious foods, will either be pushed to starve or shell out more to sustain a harmful diet. If obesity is a real major problem in the UK, it is more helpful to think of other ways, since the ‘fat tax’ proposal looks weak. In particular, ‘fat taxes’ that financially support obesity prevention and treatment agendas, and complaints against food businesses, appear quite financially advantageous for the individuals supporting them, such as attorneys and public health advocates, without essentially solving the obesity crisis (Press Association 2011). What’s more, a lot of people eat wisely, so why should they be burdened of the taxes intended to discipline irresponsible consumers? And there are no sure proof that obesity is caused by the failure of food businesses to in form consumers that hamburgers and ice creams are fatty foods. It appears that the most

An Twentieth Century Overview of Fashions Transient Trends Essay

An Twentieth Century Overview of Fashions Transient Trends - Essay Example The essay "An Twentieth Century Overview of Fashions Transient Trends" talks about trends in fashion in the 20th century. Basically until the turn of the century, there was a definite preference for plumpness of women in Western civilization. You can see it in the art, where you're pretty hard-pressed to find an image of a thin woman," says Laura Fraser. (42) That began to change between 1900 and 1920, "when it was possible for the first time for people†¦to have enough to eat that the status symbol flipped. Once seen as a sign of health and prosperity to be fat - now there was an elitism to being thin. According to Alexis Gregory (38-49), in the early 1900’s women’s dress was sturdy, heavy, and rigid, a reflection of the Edwardian period of dress, and the silhouette was that of an hour glass, now that being plump was unfashionable. Female bodies were stuffed into a miniscule waist, and then padded in other areas such as the bosom and buttocks. The effect was that o f a waspish figure. This hourglass shape became more of an "S" curve when longer lined "health" corsets became fashionable. They supported the spine and abdomen, but it made the fashionable woman look as if she was always leaning forward. As always, historical upheaval creates change in all sectors of society, including fashion. World War I being an important event in the â€Å"teens,† fashion suddenly became much more practical to accommodate other needs. The Great War (1914 to 1918) changed people's lives in many ways. Men went to war and women were left at home to do the jobs formerly performed by men. Women's shoes and clothing needed to be more practical so they could move freely and perform job duties. Women's clothing imitated a man's clothing as they were taking on a more masculine role. (Barker, 133) Events like the women's suffrage movement caused fashion to take on a new dimension. The corseted waist abandoned, the hobble skirt that imitated "harem" skirts of the Middle East became fashionable. Paul Poiret, a popular designer of the time, is credited with this fashion movement leaning toward Eastern influence. However, taking very tiny steps also became immensely popular, presumably to exaggerate the fact that a woman's stride is shorter than a man's. Some skirts were so narrow that it was nearly impossible to move. For concern over splitting the skirt, women sometimes wore a length of cord to keep their legs from moving too much. After the War in 1918 the Suffragettes won the right to vote in the United Kingdom, and the same happened in America in 1920. Fashion continued to be more casual throughout the 1920's. After the war, the values of the older generation that had created the war were questioned and discredited. The culture became enamored with youth, American culture in particular. Fashion looked toward the younger crowd for inspiration. The "College Man" and "The Flapper" were the new icons of fashion, young and strong and smart. What was the effect on women They began dieting to achieve the teenage shape of a young girl-flatter, thinner, and with long waistlines to hide adult curves. Brasseries were created to flatten breasts with the appearance of immaturity. "In the 1920s, stylish women put their breasts under cover, with constricting devices like the one from the Boyish Form Brassiere Company of New York, guaranteed to 'give you that boy-like flat appearance.'" (Henig, 1) How did the Great Depression affect women's fashion The fashionable dress of the day reflects a determination to grow up, to do penance for

Gout as a Metabolic Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Gout as a Metabolic Disorder - Research Paper Example When urates in the blood reach the physiological saturation levels, they crystallize to form monosodium urate (MSU) and gradually accumulate in tissues. This leads to development of asymptomatic hyperuricemia which results into gout (Luk & Simkin, 2005). The clinical manifestations of gout include acute gouty arthritis, deposition of MSU crystals in soft tissues leading to formation of ‘tophi’, urate urolithiasis along with rare incidences of nephropathy. The disease develops in four stages; an asymptomatic hyperuricemia, acute gout with intermittent flares, the intercritical period, and chronic gout (Sundram, 2010). The prevalence of gout have been on a rise during the last few decades chiefly due to changes in life style patterns and increased longevity. In US prevalence has been estimated to be 5.1 million during the period spanning 1988-1994 by the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III). 5.2 cases per 1000 have been reported by the US man aged care database during the year 1999 compared to 2.9 cases in 1990. The disease prevalence rates reportedly are higher in older men than those of rheumatoid arthritis. Incidences of gout have also escalated during the last two decades with annual levels reported by Rochester Epidemiology Project to be twice as high as those reported two decades earlier for primary gout. Higher incidences of disease are reported in men than in women with increased incidences reported with advancing age in both sexes (Weaver, 2008). Despite high prevalence and severe burden of the disease, frequent mismanagement of the disease leads to avoidable incidences of morbidities and mortality (Luk & Simkin, 2005). The current report aims to present an in depth exploration of the risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment modalities of gout. RISK FACTORS Sex Men have a higher level of serum urate rendering them significantly more vulnerable to gout with higher probability of development of gout in men below t he age of 30 compared to women of comparable age. The risk of gout development in men peaks in the age range of 75-84 years, while in women the risks are higher during post menopausal phase. After the age of 60, both men and women are equally vulnerable to the disease (Rott & Agudelo, 2003). Diuretics Diuretic intake is a major cause of hyperuricemia since it causes significant enhancement of reabsorption of uric acid in kidney (Rott & Agudelo, 2003). Several other medications such as low dose aspirin, cyclosporine (increases tubular reabsorption of urate), pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and niacin also lead to hyperuricemia (Weaver, 2008). Comorbidities Individuals with hypertension, insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney diseases and metabolic syndrome are highly vulnerable to gout (Rott & Agudelo, 2003). Lead exposure has also been found to be associated with gout (Sundram, 2010). Poor urate clearance may render a hemodialysis patient v ulnerable to urate deposition and gout. Obesity Individuals with a body mass index (BMI) in the range of 21-22 have been reported to be at much lower risk of developing gout compared to individuals with higher BMI. Alevel of 35 raise the risk three fold. Obesity has been found to be associated with enhance urate synthesis and lower excretion of urate from the kidneys; thereby leading to raised serum urate levels (Weaver, 2008). Dietary Habits A diet rich in meat such as red meat, organ meat; and sea food has been associated with higher vulnerabilities to gout. The same has also been reported for alcohol consumption; especially beer (Choi et al. 2004). On the contrary, purine rich vegetables exhibit no correlation with gout development and dairy products lower the risk marginally (Weaver,

Business law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Business law - Case Study Example The respondents was one of the growers who filed a representative suit claiming breach of clause 7.4 contract and sought damages arising out that breach. The Court of first instance heard the case in two separate hearings. The first one dealt particularly with the rule of construction as applied to the disputed clause but also extended in the second hearing. The Judge held that the clause meant offering to growers’ first priority in growing chicks in preference to third parties. The second part of hearing specifically dealt with breach and the implied term of the contract by interpreting the clause on reasonable and equitable grounds. The Judge held in favour of the growers’ that there was breach of the clause and that the growers’ had the capacity to do so, hence the appeal. The Court of appeal reversed that judgment stating that the word capacity related to the appellant’s business growth and not capacity to rear chicken. It gave wide discretion to the a ppellants to contract third parties. Other standard clauses of the contract touching the case at hand included but not limited to the general clause 2, giving an over view that the growers were to provide â€Å"sealable birds† from any farm location ready to be picked and processed by the appellants. It also defined the payment terms. Clause 5 dealt with appellants delivering chicks to growers’ in unspecified quantity but the growers’ had to be notified of that delivery upon picking. The appellants remained the owner of the birds. Clause 7 set out the fundamental obligations of the appellants including providing assistance for â€Å"extra shed capacity† to growers equitably. Clause 8 stated the obligations of the growers’ such as keeping the shed in minimum standard conditions of not less than â€Å"$40 per square meter of shed floor space† and allowing access to that shed by appellants. Clause 12 dealt with the manner of collection of birds from the firm by the appellants. Clause 14 was on payments and notifying the growers’ about it upon collection of birds. Clause 20 was on the five years duration of the contract including termination of the contract if the processing plant was closed. Clause 25 provided for substantial amendment of the contract in writing. and all the above accounts for the case at hand. Case law governing the rule of Construction (b) This is predominantly based on clause 7.4 which according to the Court of first instance gave preference to growers’ as the first people to be offered the opportunity of rearing more chicken unless they are unable to do so. In other words, the appellant were in breach of this fundamental condition by offering such opportunity to third parties at the detriment of growers’. However, the appellate Court differed from the above ratio decidendi stating that Jagot, J did not establish whether the growers’ had capacity to rear more chicks at the t ime, the appellants were allocating the chicks to third parties. Their Lordships made reference to the objective principle enunciated in the case of â€Å"Pacific Carriers Ltd v BNP Pariba†1 to the extent that Court must ascertain the intention of parties by subjecting the clause to the test of a reasonable man in ordinary and plain interpretation.2 That in doing so the Court should not rewrite the clause for that would be interfering with the freedom of contract3 hence causing injustice as upheld in â€Å"

Explain how the Cold War influenced the American government's decision Essay

Explain how the Cold War influenced the American government's decision to fight in Vietnam - Essay Example However, this time in which the U.S. operates as the only superpower and therefore the world’s dominant force, known as the ‘unipolar moment’ was first, superficial to begin with and second, fleeting. The Soviet Union’s collapse left the U.S. as the lone superpower and it quickly showed a willingness to operate unilaterally when pursuing its interests. â€Å"Those in Washington who believed that superpower status was equal to a unipolar international system justified making decisions without the cumbersome involvement of allies.† (Hogan, 2004 p.2) This unipolar moment was, of course, a myth because a gap has always existed between the U.S.’s military capacity and its capability to control world events to its liking. The U.S. certainly enjoyed and took full political advantage of the widely accepted perception of its unipolar status following the Cold War’s end. It is this perception, this myth that should be examined when attempting to understand the concept of a world superpower and its limitations in an era of globalization. A unipolar world never existed, it was a term made up by observers that only saw the surface effects of the Cold War’s end. The U.S. was also referred to as the first hyperpower by the French but both of these terms are misleading at best and if believed, especially by the U.S., dangerous, as has been shown by the arrogance displayed in the invasion of Iraq. There are other descriptions of the supposed power wielded by the U.S. including ‘leader of the free world’ and ‘indispensable power’ that should be re-thought when defining America’s political position in the world community today. A vast disparity exists between America ’s perceived capacity to wage war and its actual capability to twist events in accordance with its ambitions. The potential military power and technological edge the U.S. has over all other nations

Angel in the House Virgina Woolf Essay Example for Free

Angel in the House Virgina Woolf Essay Virginia Woolf was an English author. She was a feminist, publisher, essayist and critic. Woolf commonly acquired female authors Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte. Woolf analyses women and their struggles as artists, their position in literary history and need for independence in her works of literature. Woolf’s short story â€Å"Angel in the House† has a deeper meaning then just a female author sharing pointers and stories on how she succeeded in her career to another woman trying to become a successful professional. These personal encounters and struggles the author in the story discusses with the other women really expose how different women’s jobs were compared to men’s and recognizes that different approaches needed to be made by a woman in order to do well in her occupation. Women were not to be perceived more superior then men. The speaker of the story is clearly Virginia in Angel in the House. The fact that the woman in the story is a female author and continuously compares how being a professional woman is much harder than people consider it to be makes it obvious to the reader that Virginia is the speaker. She begins by sarcastically discusses how easy being a writer is and that she is unsure why someone recommended her to give advice on being successful because her job is so easy. The author says â€Å"to show how little I deserve to be a professional women how little I know of the struggles and difficulties of such lives, I have to admit instead of spending that sum upon bread, butter, shoes, stockings or butcher bills I went out and bought a cat†(Woolf 109). She starts off speaking about her profession in this manner because that was how men felt about being a professional author or critic or essayist. They believed that job was stress free. If this was an author who was a man though he would of never spoke down about his job like that, but it was strictly because it was a women doing it that they felt this way about the work. After talking down about being a professional writer, the author starts to tell the other women about inner struggles she has had to deal with in her profession. Inner struggles that men were not aware of. She speaks about a phantom that she named the Angel in the house. This phantom angel is referred to by the author as a she; she was pure, charming, sympathetic and selfless. This angel in the house made the author feel guilty for having her own opinion and personality. This phantom wanted every woman to have the same morals and characteristics as her. She was what a woman was supposed to act and think like especially in a society that men ruled. The narrator states she had to kill the angel in the house in order to become successful in her profession. This angel wanted to pluck the heart out of the authors writing, basically wanting it to be average and appropriate incase a man were to read it. Women who obeyed the angel and acted as she did were not living up to their fullest potential, allowing the men to outshine them. A woman does not discover herself until she kills that phantom, forgets what men expect and follow her own intuition no matter what.

Cultural Tasks Essay Example for Free

Cultural Tasks Essay The main idea of postmodernism is that individuals from different cultures have diversified values, beliefs, interests and perspectives, which are not the result of natural human nature, but have been formed by human history and culture. Since at a particular time knowledge is socially constructed in different ways, it changes through time from one context to another. As a result, there is no universal truth about anything; it should rather be perceived as multiple truths about different issues and concepts, which are unique and applicable for particular situations and cultures. The current chapter discusses the principles of postmodernism as applied to educational changes offered by modern grand schemes and programs. According to postmodernists, the best way to achieve changes is to combine collaborative and individual efforts. Though, since changes are usually unpredictable, there is no guarantee whether those efforts and actions can lead to real success and progress. Moreover the perception of the progress differs among nations and cultures: while one culture can consider change as positive leading to progress, the other might consider such change as negative or undesired. If to apply postmodernism ideas toward the educational programs and changes they can bring, it is possible to state that there is little guarantee that contemporary grand schemes and programs such as No Child Left Behind can bring positive change to schools and educational changes. On the contrary, the changes within the school premises are usually caused and influenced by the local context, which might include the school culture, the environment of the community the school is located and other aspects. To determine what can bring educational change might require certain research by gathering and analyzing the related information. Since self-study, according to postmodernism, is socially constructed knowledge, it cannot be applied without the external data of multiple values and experiences. Nowadays many schools try to implement uniformity in cloths, lectures, teaching methods, attitude to students, etc. From one side, it is a good way of making all students feel as they all have equal chances to learn and show their knowledge. However, according to postmodernists, such uniformity might suppress the personality and opportunities of some more progressive students. That is why, it is very important to identify what should be the same in the schools and what should be different. To ensure positive and effective changes in schools it is important to organize the combined work between school members by applying innovative and latest teaching methods in order to change teaching and learning for all the students. Change in the school teaching methods can be achieved if every teacher realizes the importance of personal professional learning, the results of which can mature the learning process of the students. It is not mandatory that such learning should be professional and obtained from some learning center or university. It can start from everyday desire to learn something new and apply this new knowledge into the teaching process. Moreover, every teacher should try to understand each students way of perceiving information, recognize and respect diversity among students and apply the teaching methods, which will be the most effective for all the students in the classroom. Finally, collaborative learning stimulates deep thinking about teaching and learning while ensuring that the students are prepared to be active participants in a global world. There can be large number of different educational programs, teaching styles, and advices, but the most important thing is to realize and understand the individual nature of each student and his/her demands in the education. Friendly, trustful and respectful teachers/students relationships are the most important factor in the teaching process. Works Cited: Part 6: Cultural Tasks of Supervision, pp. 414-456.

Co-branding: challenges and opportunities in international marketing

Co-branding: challenges and opportunities in international marketing Strategic alliances Created by engaging companies and brands in co-branding is gaining popularity across different industry. Disneys alliances with Mattel, McDonalds and Burger King are prime examples of such co-branding ventures. Co-branding is the strategy of presenting two or more independent brands jointly on the same product or services. (Erevelles et al., 2007) In co-branding-also called dual branding or brand bundling- two or more well known brands are combined into a joint product or marketed together in some fashion. (Kotler keller, 2009) Co-branding as â€Å"a form of cooperation between two or more brands with significant customer recognition, in which all the participants brand names are retained† (Blackett and Boad, 2002) Co-Branding It is a win-win situation where both parties indulged in this process and it is helpful for them to increase the value a brand hold. Sometimes in worse scenarios, it might can harm one among them which is usually the stronger brand effected by the other brand. This makes selecting the partner brand the most important factor which fits with the companys value, image and product. The presentation speaks about the major objectives to why to go under co-branding and their shared values as to how they are created and relate to other brands. Internationally the co-branding can provide physical product integration or complimentary usage and image. Co-branding is been practiced in almost every kind of big and small industry. Be it FMCG industry, Travel Industry, Fashion Industry e.g. The outputs from co-branding are usually more than perceived or expected. â€Å"Because brand names are valuable assets, they may be combined with other brand names to form a synergistic alliance in which the sum is greater than the parts† (Washburn.J.H; Till.B.D; Priluck.Randi, 2000). Grabbing the opportunity is the second most important aspect. To be at the right place at the right gives you an edge over others. The presentation reveals Joint Ventures as a co-branding which conflicts the mind. Another conflict among the presentation was to name celebrity endorsement as co-branding. Celebrities are brands in themselves or not. There are debates going on at global stage that is it a part of co-branding, acquisition and celebrity endorsement actually. It is a widely used business strategy in industries like food and drinks, retailing, air travel and financial services, with the number of firms using it growing by forty percent/year (Blackett and Boad, 1999). Co-branding can be defined as several brands collaborating in technology development, marketing, or production while keeping their independence as separate business entities (Stewart, 1995. Marketing News 29(4), 5). Co-branding is increasingly becoming a popular strategy in the hospitality industry. In general, co-branding cards can be an effective marketing tool that helps family restaurants to build both behavioral and attitudinal custome r loyalty. Co-Branding Internationally Globalization has accelerated, so has the choice of brands, both foreign and domestic (Hsieh, 2002). A brand has been defined as: â€Å"an identifiable product, service, person or place augmented in such a way that the buyer or user perceives relevant unique values which match their needs most closely† (de Chernatony, 1998, 3). The associated incremental value added to the product by virtue of its brand has been referred to as its brand equity (Aaker, 1991; Keller, 1993). In todays competitive battleground, the concept of brand equity has proved to be an important source of strategic insight for marketers (Moore, Wilkie and Lutz, 2002, 17). City Branding: City branding is a rapidly growing concept. This practice is adopted by many cities build up urban competition for mobile resources, markets, opportunities and attention across the globe. Crucial strategy within city branding is the creation of the citys identity, which should be developed from a range of contextual variables such as history, demography, economy, politics and policies. A city usually has certain identifiable images or core values perceived by its people. For example, Paris is perceived for romance, Milan for style, New York for diversity and dynamics, Washington for power, and Tokyo for modernity. (L. Zhang, S.X. Zhao / Cities 26 (2009)). Branding Beijing, the capital of China for the Olympics 2008. Branding London, the capital of United Kingdom for the Olympics 2012. Many of the large and small companies will be officially involved in many of the activities. Like McDonalds is been named as the official restaurant for the Olympics 2012 in London. Around 7,000 direct contracts are expected to generate huge profits and around 75,000 opportunities. Co-Branding across the culture: Culture also has a great influence on buying behaviors. Co-branding is a popular technique used in domestic markets to transfer the positive associations of the associate brands to a newly formed co-brand (Linda C. Ueltsch, 200) Every culture has their own effects. Taking an example of Pakistan and India, they share similar culture across the border. And a company like Pepsi came up with an ad featuring celebrities from both sides. And launching the advertisement in both countries. Examples: In the photocopy market, many products sold by, say, Canon are actually made by Ricoh. In the car industry, although BMW own the rover company, at the product level Rover cars show no BMW logo or connection. Mercedes and Swatch launched innovative car named â€Å"Smart† as a result of joint venture. Mercedes is unlikely to put its trademark on the smart! Because of the threat. In the Tea market, Nestle and coca Cola launched a product â€Å"Nestea† against Unilevers range. Nestle create the product while, and Coca Cola market and distributed it. Research has shown that customer evaluations of co-brands are affected by the degree to which the skills and resources of the parent brands are perceived to fit with or generalize to the new co-brand (Klink and Smith, 2001). The theoretical foundations in the cognitive psychology literature suggest that similarity between a brand and an extension or alliance facilitates the transfer of knowledge, attitude and purchase intention (Martin and Stewart, 2001). Even a well phrased co-branding agreement cannot promise success of an poorly picturized co-branding strategy. Co-branding is not always a practical option for all products or services. co-branding done without proper research and planning may cause more damage. Thats why co-branding strategy must be carefully thought out and is usually successful when symbiotic or synergistic brands and goods are combined through an effective marketing plan. The international marketing of mobile services: Mobile Marketing The presentation highlights the rapidly shifting trends of technology. And gaining popularity among the new generation. The shift from physical to internet and recently from computers to mobile. Mobile data services are the convergence of mobile communication technologies providing data services. Explaining and elaborating various categories of mobile data services available to the public. The demand for mobile devices equipment such as cell phones, PDAs, and digital music players that are typically used on an anytime, anywhere basis without being connected by wires and services that use these mobile devices (mobile services) is growing rapidly worldwide. (Shankar, V. Balasubramanian, S. (2009)). What is Mobile Marketing? The mobile channel is a multi-faceted interactive network for delivering individual communication, personalization, information and entertainment products and services. (Manis, 2005; Becker 2005; Bragge et al. 2005; Dickinger et al. 2004; Nysveen et al. 2005). A set of practices that enables organizations to communicate and engage with their audience in an interactive and relevant manner through any mobile device or network (Mobile Marketing Association, 2009). Mobile Data Services integrate handheld and internet technologies to create new value prepositions (Keen and Mackenzie, 2001, quoted from Gilbert, 2003). According to Informa Telecoms Media, a research conducted in April 2006, there were 215 million mobiles subscribers in 1997. There are around 2 billion mobile users in 2005. And this count is expected to reach 3 billion in 2010. The emergence of mobile commerce The number of mobile phone users worldwide has increased rapidly over the last five years; from an estimated 1.87 billion in 2004 to 2.5 billion in September 2006 (InfoSync World, 2004; Usability News, 2006). In Japan, already seven out of 10 people have cell-phone accounts, and in countries such as Italy, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom, the market penetration of mobile phones has already exceeded 100% (Sultan and Rohm, 2005). Undoubtedly the mobile phone has been one of the fastest adopted consumer products of all time (Kalakota and Robinson, 2002; Scornavacca et al., 2006). In addition, according to Forrester Research (2005), some 90 per cent of all phones in use will be mobile Internet-capable this year. The proliferation of Internet-enabled mobile devices has created an extraordinary opportunity for e-commerce to leverage the benefits of mobility (Barnes and Huff, 2003; Clarke, 2001; Durlacher Research, 2002). The conduit for this is mobile e-commerce, commonly known as m- commerce, which refers to the ability to conduct financial transactions (including, but not exclusively, the ability to purchase goods or services) through a wireless Internet-enabled device (Barnes, 2002a; Scornavacca and Barnes, 2006). Integration with Marketing Mix Integration with Marketing Mix is the key to success. It Deliver consistent brand value/image. And gives a fresh element on companies promotion mix. According to mobile data association in UK, almost 94% of SMS received are read. And around 36% users admit that they are likely to purchase products. (Karjaluoto et al. 2004) Complexity of the technology enables to acquire the mobile data services by users. New learning methods enabling consumers to bridge the gap between the advanced technology and user interface. Solving the problems and adding value in everyday life. Opportunities Threats Untapped Customer Segments. Growing Popularity of Wireless Broadband.Limited Use of PC-Based Internet Services (3rd screen) are the key opportunities for the mobile marketing. There are many threats attached to it too. Regulatory Interference can be a hurdle. Continued Pressure on Revenue as it is a long time process. Cost of New Investments Eroding Data Services Profitability and Competition From Carriers and Other Service Providers. Portability An important benefit of a mobile device to consumers is its ultra small size and the ease with which it can be carried (Balasubramanian et al. 2002). A mobile device is not only portable, but because it fits in a hand, it is a constant companion to the user and is used on a continuous basis. This property makes it easier for marketers to quickly communicate with the user at any point in time, but the small screen size does not allow information-intensive messages to be delivered. Post-purchase behavior Research shows that after controlling for selection, online customers are more loyal than offline customers, so migrating customers from offline to online could enhance customer loyalty (Shankar, Smith, and Rangaswamy 2003) Acceptance of Mobile Marketing Acceptance of mobile marketing across two global markets. Drawing upon technology acceptance and uses and gratifications theories, we develop and estimate a conceptual model of the influences of antecedent factors (including risk acceptance related to the mobile platform and personal attachment related to mobile devices) on behavioral intent related to mobile marketing practice. We further propose that the above relationships are mediated by activities that consumers engage in such as downloading, forwarding content and registering with firms. Focusing on youth consumers, we empirically test the model using data collected in both an established (U.S.) and an emerging market (Pakistan). Findings across these two markets reflect cross-market similarities and differences related to consumer acceptance factors. (F. Sultan et al.(2009)) Mobile marketing research Mobile marketing is a new technology. This is successful because it is a two way communication unlikely to the traditional research process. It involves active audience which is interactive, not passive. And researches gets a rapid feedback. In many countries, social, cultural and political issues are discussed with the general population. Like in India, IDEA mobile company launched and advertisement showing the use of polling through mobile where the youth can express their own views to government. Short Messaging Services Innovation creates marketing opportunities and challenges. Mobile media, for example, transcend traditional communication and support one-toone, many-to-many and mass communication. The most popular mobile application, referred to as text messaging in the UK or Short Message Service (SMS) in most other countries, attracted 580 million users who sent 431 billion messages in 2002. In the first quarter of 2004 users sent 135 billion SMS messages and predictions are that 94.9 million mobile commerce users in 2003 will grow to 1.67 billion users by 2008. SMS will account for the bulk of mobile telephone companys revenues from data services until 2006. This high diffusion of SMS facilitates analyzing usage behavior and hints at the commercial potential of future communication services. Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS), for example, will build on the success of SMS but allow for richer content based on similar asynchronous, digital and interactive communication. (A. Scharl et al. (2005)) Mobile shopping In interviews with more than 100 Japanese and foreign firms between 2000 and 2005, the author investigated the impact of a number of technological trajectories on mobile shopping applications that are suggested to be promising ones based on the behavior of lead users. Push-based Internet mail and other key services that are not yet available inWestern markets were the initial drivers of the market for mobile shopping in Japan between 2001 and 2003. Currently, the fastest growing market for mobile shopping in Japan involves the integration of mobile sites with other media such as magazines and radio and television programs where these other media compensate for the small screens of mobile phones. This paper forecasts the impact of improvements along a number of technological trajectories on the integration of mobile sites with other media. (J.L. Funk. (2007)) A mobile device is not a standard personal computer. It is a frequently used, location-sensitive device with very limited visual space. A mobile message will be most effective if it is brief, memorable, and well-coordinated with time and the users location. The rapidly changing technology can be a flaw. Simply transporting a companys Internet marketing strategy to mobile marketing strategy could be a recipe for failure. The impact of culture in international e-commerce. The Internet The Internet (or World Wide Web) is a network of computers providing access to information from around the world. Many businesses and government agencies have set up Internet sites (websites) providing information on their business. (Department of Trade and Economic Development) E-Commerce E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) is a form of business operation in which the parties interact over computer, mails over the Internet rather than by physical exchange or conduct. (Department of Trade and Economic Development) What is E-commerce: V. Zwass [127, p. 3] defines e-commerce as â€Å"the sharing of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means of telecommunications networks.† Treese and Stewart [112, p. 5] define e-commerce as â€Å"the use of the global Internet for purchase and sale of goods and services, including services and support after the sale.† Kalakota and Whinston [61, p. 3] define e-commerce as â€Å"the delivery of information, products/services, or payments via telephone lines, computer networks or any other means.† They do not limit their coverage to just Internetbased means. Kauffman and Walden [67, p. 3] emphasize â€Å"the Internet as a medium for enabling end-to-end business transactions.† Their definition â€Å"applies equally well in dotcom [and] Internet-only business settings, as well as more traditional business settings where the new channel of the Internet is being used alongside existing channels.† The main business uses of the Internet E-commerce allows consumers and customers the ability to buy, sell and advertise products and/or services. It is a tool to interact businesses and customers around the globe. It is useful for companies to promote product and services through different means like brochures, manuals, product updates, and websites e.t.c. E-commerce arguably has a potential to add a higher value to businesses and consumers in developing countries than in developed countries. Yet most developing country-based enterprises have failed to reap the benefits offered by modern information and communications technologies Barriers to e-commerce in developing countries Economic and sociopolitical factors focus primarily on the environmental characteristics, the cognitive component reflects organizational and individual behaviors. Arguably, for the initial adoption of e-commerce in developing countries, the cognitive component plays a more prominent role. As organizations assimilate sophisticated e-commerce practices, environmental factors play more critical roles Economic Barriers In under-developing countries, lack of electrical supply is a big barrier for e-commerce as all the devices included in a transaction, runs on electricity. Lack of purchasing power is also one of the biggest. As people hardly have money to make their livings. Resulting in a low percentage of people having access to Internet. Manufacturing companies of Information and Communication Technology products focus on large distributors often located in developed countries for achieving high sales and they dont focus to the under developing countries. This is another problem with the e-commerce industry. Credit cards is a key factor for completing the deals over internet for making the payments. In Asian Countries, 34-40% of the financial transactions are being made in form of cash. Other systems are underdeveloped such as online banking is not popular. (N. Kshetri, (2007)) Socio-politic Barriers In Asian countries, personal relationships are important in businesses while anonymous online relationships are considered as threaten established interpersonal networks. As well as people prefer to deal face-to-face are preferred over business deals made through e-mails and internet. Political factors are not implied and they lack law legislation and the electronic signatures. Cognitive barriers Cognitive barriers are more serious than other categories of barriers in developing countries. Consumers lack of awareness and knowledge of benefits involved in ecommerce and their lack of trust in service providers have also hold back the growth of e-commerce. Latin America, experience a low rate of credit card is an attributed to the â€Å"lack of trust in than lack of access to† the credit card system. E-commerce and mobile Internet has been expanded substantially by a new generation of mobile devices, opening the door for rapid growth of mobile-commerce. While the traditional PC access to the Internet continues to be vital for exploiting the advantages of the Internet, the mobile access appears to attract more people because of flexible accesses to the Internet in a ubiquitous manner. Accordingly, e-commerce is now in the process of being converted into m-commerce. The purpose of this paper is to develop and analyze a mathematical model for comparing e-commerce via the traditional PC access only with m-commerce which accommodates both the traditional PC access and the mobile access. The distribution of the number of products purchased by time and the distribution of the time required for selling K products are derived explicitly, enabling one to assess the impact of mobile devices on e-businesses. (U. Sumita, J. Yoshii, (2009)) The global marketing use internet which ‘enables firms to leap-frog the conventional stages, as it removes all geographical constraints, permits the instant establishment of virtual branches throughout the world, and allows direct and immediate foreign market entry to the smallest of businesses (Bennett, 1997, p. 327). The Internet is creating a unique global marketplace that has the potential to change profoundly the way international business is conceptualised and configured (Srirojanant and Thirkell, 1999; Bennett, 1997; Kedia and Harveston, 1999). The rapid commercialization of the Internet calls into question many of the fundamental tenets of international business (Hamill and Gregory, 1997, p. 9). DEVELOPING INTERNET E-COMMERCE BENCHMARKS Benchmark is a standard for measuring and comparing the performance of like systems. For new product makers, a benchmark can provide important statistical information so products can be tine-tuned before their deployment. For end users, on the other hand, a benchmark can be used to compare the strengths and weaknesses of different products so that an informed decision can be made about system adoption. Benchmarks aid in estimations of scalability in terms of the number of users and/or transactions that a system can support, and system response times under various loads and hardware/software deployment platforms. Needs of small to medium enterprises (SMEs) and big business and we motivate the need for a benchmark suite for e-commerce. (DAWN JUTLA et 1999) The Internet has altered international business development. The ways in which e-commerce continue to evolve. It makes sure that any statute changes they make can deal with future developments, even if these appear somewhat nebulous at present. It really depends on ones stand point as to whether e-commerce is seen as being or producing something new, which requires separate tax regulations. In terms of theoretical considerations, the current situation must be regarded as unsatisfactory. (J.F.Hughes, K.Glaister (2001)

A Recipe for Revolution :: miscellaneous

A Recipe for Revolution Today’s world subjects an individual to many different socio-religious-political influences. Out of those individuals come idealized leaders reinforcing their influences. In the increasing complexity of such memes and their interactions clarity and an understanding of evolutionary paths that is favored by nature-one that results in better survival- has become paramount. An assumption can boldly be made that violent or non violent constituents in the practice of such ideals eventually determine the desirable outcome namely the survival and success in the pursuit. As such one begins to wonder what has happened to non-violence of Gandhian heritage. It seems a dead and irrevocable concept in the turbulent waters of today. If one said its no longer applicable, its not without ground. Let us see how an opposition to Gandhian nonviolence can be mounted. It could have only worked against British A finer point is the fact that any means of non-violence protest is sustainable provided the opposition has a moral value not to cross a certain line. Has it been the case where British practiced shoot or execute anybody who may protest by any means, then Gandhi would have been shot lot earlier, perhaps in the train in South Africa, and there would have been no mahatma or success of non violence. Take Hitler for example. Let alone resisting, even if you try to cooperate with German for the demise of Jews, as a Jew you can be sure you will be shot. Where do you put non-violence against such a tyranny? There is no current conflict scenario where non-violence can be applied It won’t be exaggeration to state that â€Å"almost all the current conflict in the world has an armed oppression against unarmed public.† The statement can be substantiated by following two different points. In the most direct sense it means an authority’s aggression towards specific category of people using the unitary powers they hold which eventually fuel and give birth to an armed opposition or say a revolution. Most importantly on the second sense in any such conflicts, revolution or terrorism, just or unjust, it is the innocent people who are victimized the most. It is in this context we must identify the current conflict scenarios as a new era-new era of violence. What is clear is the fact that the nature of the conflicts in the world has significantly shifted. Not long ago, it used to be fighting a foreigner-imperialist for the independence of native land.

Free Epic of Gilgamesh Essays: Underlying Meaning :: free essay writer

The Epic of Gilgamesh:   Underlying Meaning  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Last time, we introduced the ancient mythical tale, The Epic of Gilgamesh. You read a brief account of the tale and learned a little of its origins and discovery. Now we are going to get into the tale itself and have a deeper look in an effort to decode some of its hidden or underlying meaning. We will explore the notion of "The Double" and the quest for immortality in our search for the meaning of life. We remember from the epic tale that Enkidu, the wildman, was Gilgamesh's beloved friend. So what can Enkidu's injection into the story reveal to us then? Let's look more closely at this figure. Enkidu is an innocent savage, a wildman, content to live among the beasts. After an encounter with a trapper he undergoes a kind of culture shock and is tamed by a harlot or sacred prostitute. Here, sex is sacred; it is a civilizing force that separates humans from Nature for the animals now reject Enkidu. Paired with Gilgamesh, the two figures represent the Double. Enkidu embodies the instincts while Gilgamesh represents the intellect. Both of these aspects make up humankind. Through his friendship with Enkidu, Gilgamesh learns much about what it is to be human. He learns love and compassion, as well as death and loss as Enkidu dies. But Enkidu rages against his death! It is human instinct to fight death, to fight to live! Enkidu is soon appeased though by the sun god Shamash who gives death meaning in remembrance of those who have passed on, of Enkidu who will pass on. So we find in this story a meaning for death - meaning in being remembered. Gilgamesh, however, is not so easily appeased in Enkidu's death. He grieves heavily over the loss of his dear friend and vows to find the key to everlasting life. So he sets out on his journey, his journey through the underworld, through the otherworld. Is Gilgamesh now just intellectual man without instinct, without Enkidu? Death, loss, mortality are too much for Gilgamesh to bear. Why toil on earth to end up in a terrible afterlife? Gilgamesh will have none of it. He seeks to become immortal like the gods, after all, he himself is 2/3 god. He does find answers to the questions of life and death on his journey.

A Comparison of the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Hebrew Scriptures Essay

A Comparison of the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Hebrew Scriptures The Hebrew Flood story of Noah and his obligation to preserve man kind after God had punished all living creatures for their inequities parallels The Epic of Gilgamesh in several ways. Even though these two compilations are passed on orally at different times in history the similarities and differences invoke deliberation when these stories are compared. Numerous underlining themes are illustrated throughout each story. Humans are guilty of transgressions and must be punished, God or Gods send a flood as punishment to destroy this evil race, a person is selected by the gods to build a craft that will withstand the flood and allow this person to create a new race. An investigation of the inconsistency and similarities of both flood stories exposes the relationship between the Gods and the stories hero, insight on each cultures moral perspective on friendship and values as it applies to the flood, and each stories common origin. There are many similarities and differences in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Hebrew scriptures. In both works you have Supreme beings or a being that has come to the conclusion that the earth and the people that reside on it are wicked. Because of these iniquitous individuals the earth must be destroyed. The supreme beings chose to destroy the earth by flood. In the Epic of Gilgamesh the gods influenced by Enlil their counselor make the decision to destroy the earth â€Å"The uproar of mankind is intolerable and sleep is no longer possible by reason of the Babel. So the gods agreed to exterminate mankind.† (Norton35). In the Hebrew scriptures the same conclusion was made by God that the earth was evil and would need to be destroyed â€Å"And the Lord said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them.† (Norton60). In both works the gods o r God seem to have the same attitude and feelings after the flood. The Gods show feelings of remorse and grief in the Epic of Gilgamesh Ishtar speaks out in distress â€Å"Alas the Days of the old are turned to dust because I commanded evil: Why did I command this evil in the council of the Gods?† (Norton37). In the Hebrew scripture the Lord did not seem to be as remorseful but did acknowledge that what he did may no... ...ulation† (Smith). Approximately 60 million copies, or portions thereof, are distributed annually. The Tanakh is a acronym that identifies the Hebrew bible. The acronym is based on the initial Hebrew letters of each of the text's three parts. The Law, The prophets and the writings. In conclusion we have looked at the similarities and differences in the two flood stories and seen how the stories are so similar even though they were orally passed on at different time periods. Also we examined the moral differences of each society and what values each culture holds dearly. We have also discussed the origin of each compilation. Works Cited 1. Unknown. The Epic of Gilgamesh.Trans. N.K. Sandars. Sarah Lawall. Norton Anthology of World Literature. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2002. 10-61. 2. Perlin, John. A Forest Journey: Mesopotamia. Pp 35-45, SIRS Renaissance:1989. Werner 3. Miller, John J. â€Å"The Worlds First Story†. Foundation for Cultural Review. v23 i2 p74(4) (2004): . InfoTrac OneFile. Gale. NC LIVE. Oct 2004 . 4.Karel van der Toorn. â€Å"Did Ecclesiastes Copy Gilgamesh?†. Bible Review.: Feb. 2000, pp. 22+. Gilgamesh (Legendary Character). SIRS. Feb 2000 )

An Analysis of Our Town Essay

Needless to say, Our Town is one of the most popular plays by Thornton Wilder and not for nothing has it won the Pulitzer Prize in 1938. The most significant aspect in Our Town is the representation of the everyday life. Not only does the play explores American values of religion or family, it also addresses themes like mortality or as mentioned before, the value of the everyday life. â€Å"Our Town is not offered as a picture of life in a New Hampshire village; or as a speculation about the conditions of life after death. It is an attempt to find a value above all price for the smallest events in our daily life. [Online 1] Life is often taken for granted although we are aware of the fact that life is short and that it can end at any time. Many people do not take heed of their life and they do not pay attention to all those little things which make life important. â€Å"That’s all human beings are! Just blind people. † (Wilder 1984: 93). Like Emily, a character of Our Town, mentioned, people are not aware of how precious life is. Therefore the main aim of this paper is to give an analysis of how Thornton Wilder tries to teach the audience through several messages implied in Our Town. At first, the term paper will tell about Thornton Wilder’s life, because it is important to know about his personal life when taking his works into consideration. Wilder never stopped writing, even when he worked as a professor. Here we can clearly see a connection to his works, because especially in Our Town, as mentioned before, he tries to teach the reader or audience by pointing out how precious all the small things in life are and that the people should become aware of all those things. That means that he is not only teaching students on the university, but also the audience through his works. Secondly, this term paper will give some important facts about Our Town, which are necessary to understand the background and Wilders implied messages. Then there will be an analysis on each act of the play based on the main theme, namely that it’s the little things in life that count. These analysis will mainly concentrate on the most significant aspects and parts of the play that carry Wilders implied lessons and messages. At the end of the term paper there will be a short conclusion including an own interpretation and opinion of Our Town. Biographical Background Thornton Niven Wilder was born on April 17 in 1897 in Madison, Wisconsin. He was an American novelist and playwright. He wrote several stories, for example, he was asked to write the screenplay for the film â€Å"Shadow of a Doubt† by Alfred Hitchcock. [see Online 2] This was a major honour for Thornton Wilder, because during his lifetime, he was fascinated by Alfred Hitchcock. Thornton Wilder, amongst other things, also wrote the book â€Å"The Bridge of San Luis Rey† in 1927, one of his famous books, which won the Pulitzer Prize in 1928. [see Online 3] Literature played an important role in Thornton Wilders multi-talented family. Although his father, Amos Parker Wilder, an US diplomat and his mother, Isabella Niven, were not that much into literature, some of Wilders siblings were famous poets or writers. You might say that Thornton Wilder were born with his literary talent. He early discovered his fascination for literature and therefore he began writing plays during his education at the Thacher School in California. His family moved to China in 1910, where his father had to work, and therefore Thornton Wilder had to attend the China Inland Mission Chefoo School at Yantai. He returned with his mother and his siblings in 1912 and graduated from Berkeley High School in 1915. He began to study law, but he abandoned his studies only two years later. â€Å"After serving in the United States Coast Guard during World War I, he attended Oberlin College before earning his B. A. at Yale University in 1920, where he refined his writing skills as a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity, a literary society. He earned his M. A. in French from Princeton University in 1926. [Online 4] After his studies, he began teaching at the University of Chicago, but he never stopped writing. During this time his first novels and plays were published, for example, â€Å"Our Town†. This play is considered to be one of this most famous plays, and it also won the Pulitzer Prize in 1938, the year when the play was published. Thornton Wilder died on December 7, in 1975 in Hamden, Connecticut. He was an â€Å"American icon, and an internationally famous playwright and novelist. To this day, his works are read, performed and appreciated by audiences worldwide. [Online 5] Our Town General Our Town is a so-called â€Å"slice-of-life† story, which means that the reader is able to relate to the story. He feels like he is involved in the play, because of its representation of the daily life and all those little things in life which makes it interesting. Theme Our town has a carpe diem theme. Translated it means seize the day, people should concentrate themselves on the little things in life which are often unappreciated. In some way, the play wants to teach the audience to bestow consideration upon the little things in life. Publication Thornton Wilders idea was to tell the reader to appreciate every moment of every day, not least because life is fleeting. The play was first shown in 1938, in the big immigration year, when Europeans came to the US because of the second world war. At this time, the people were confronted with all those negative aspects of life and in some way we can assume that the play Our Town was shown at a perfect time: a time, when everyone wanted to escape reality to see something totally different. Or better said, to see how life can be and that’s the little things in life that counts. For Wilder it was important to teach the audience to enjoy every small thing in life and not to take life for granted. It was the time of the American Renaissance and the notion of experimenting with the audience was getting more and more important. This time was characterised by extensive experimentation and originality. We can assume that the aspect of experimenting in Our Town is shown through the stage manager. Usually a narrator takes place in short stories and novels, but not in plays, but this is the case in Our Town.

IT and HR Department Case Study and Analysis

Based on my posting earnest at Cenartech is high risk. I swinish this off of the hostage practices that be in localize. What companies fail to realize is you after part value your communicate technically scarce you similarly necessitate to cling to the vane physical. thither are firewalls in short letter to protect the net defecate from the break through with(predicate) and throughside however no form _or_ system of government to protect the network from the inside. A certificate constitution is a muniment that defines the scope of security inviteed by the organization and discusses the as dress outs that need vindication and the tip to which security solution should go to result the necessary protection.(Stewart and Chapple and Gibson, 2012, p221)Although the comp whatsoever IT mental synthesis is solid, or so of it was created by out consultants and the IT part did not ca-ca any leaders that was IT smart. The IT segment was ran by the Director of Fi nance. Cenartech has already been impart for a few long time originally Brian the IT manager came on board. in that respect was no Standard Operating Procedures. Procedures are the net element of the formalized security policy structure. (Stewart and Chapple and Gibson, 2012, p221)Within a social class of being at the company he wrote a enlist outlining duties and responsibilities for apiece module section. Since his IT department was tenuous he gave each staff member some security responsibilities. His staff members did not surrender any experience feel at security logs. Any magazine he had the get he would maneuver them. He knew the richness of looking at the logs regularly and maintaining analyze Trails. Audit trails are a set of reposes or events that record activity on a system. (White, 2003)As Brian was viewing the logs he arrange that in that mend were recurrent failed log-in attempts on a few different studys, save not luxuriant to cause a enmeshout . But there were too many a(prenominal) to failed log-in attempts to incisively ignore. He also make out mortal was attempting to find the keys from other location within the engineering science department. According to policy he had to hide this to leading in Human Recourses. The leadership was not technical and did not reckon the issue and how innkeeper the problem was. condition what the facial expression has presented the assailant wanted to turn a profit access to thenetwork.After the presenting his case to HR leadership he refractory to work on an IT project at the jacket crown of the list. He frame-up realistic confidential networks (VPN) for the sale staff to have removed access. A VPN is a communion dig that provides point-to-point transmission of both hallmark and data traffic over an untrusted network. (Stewart and Chapple and Gibson, 2012, p221) He setup the VPN on the financial network. once the software package was loaded on employees systems he started to monitor the security logs. He give more incoming lodge therefore what he installed.When he followed up on a few of the originating IP addresses in the security log, He found that a number of the connections originated from a local c subject Internet Service supplier (ISP) (Whitman and Mattord, 2011, p. 27). The attacker was using shared grievances from employee in the company. When some superstar and only(a) would leave they would pass the account down. Accounts were not being deleted or dis fitted. Removing or change accounts should be a measuring topper practice for any system. Accounts need to be deleted as soon soul leaves.(Stewart and Chapple and Gibson, 2012, p231) any(prenominal) of the things he could have done other than was to review his IT security policies from day one. The events that took out were events that were easy to miss. HR should have had a policy on how to handle alter employees. There should be a helix out policy since the engineer ing employee was able to try many attempts on the account before it was locked out. The good lockout policy is trey attempts then the user has to go through their IT department to get the account unlocked. A password policy should be implement as well.At least 8 characters with a combination of lower case, upper case, one number, and one special character, this is DOD standard. If these were in place the attacker would not have been able to attack the network. The IT department need to be trained to Monitor security department logs once a week. He would shell a big challenge assay to recommend these changes to the Leadership. He try to justify this to the HR Director. His explanation required upstanding effort as Jim had minimal IT experience. (Whitman and Mattord, 2011, p. 26). It took other(prenominal) incident for the HR Director to replete him serious.IT and HR Department Case involve and AnalysisBased on my observation security at Cenartech is high risk. I base this off of the security practices that are in place. What companies fail to realize is you can protect your network technically but you also have to protect the network physical. There are firewalls in place to protect the network from the outside but no policy to protect the network from the inside. A security policy is a document that defines the scope of security requisite by the organization and discusses the assets that need protection and the extent to which security solution should go to provide the necessary protection.(Stewart and Chapple and Gibson, 2012, p221)Although the company IT structure is solid, most of it was created by out consultants and the IT department did not have any leadership that was IT smart. The IT department was ran by the Director of Finance. Cenartech has already been establish for a few years before Brian the IT manager came on board. There was no Standard Operating Procedures. Procedures are the final element of the formalized security policy struct ure. (Stewart and Chapple and Gibson, 2012, p221) Within a year of being at the company he wrote a draft outlining duties and responsibilities for each staff member. Since his IT department was small he gave each staff member some security responsibilities. His staff members did not have any experience looking at security logs. Any time he had the chance he would train them. He knew the importance of looking at the logs regularly and maintaining Audit Trails. Audit trails are a set of records or events that record activity on a system. (White, 2003)As Brian was viewing the logs he found that there were repeated failed log-in attempts on a few different accounts, but not enough to cause a lockout. But there were too many to failed log-in attempts to just ignore. He also found out someone was attempting to access the accounts from other location within the engineering department. According to policy he had to report this to leadership in Human Recourses. The leadership was not technic al and did not understand the issue and how server the problem was. Given what the case has presented the attacker wanted to gain access to thenetwork. After the presenting his case to HR leadership he decided to work on an IT project at the top of the list. He setup virtual private networks (VPN) for the sale staff to have remote access. A VPN is a communication tunnel that provides point-to-point transmission of both authentication and data traffic over an untrusted network. (Stewart and Chapple and Gibson, 2012, p221) He setup the VPN on the financial network. Once the software was loaded on employees systems he started to monitor the security logs. He found more incoming connection then what he installed.When he followed up on a few of the originating IP addresses in the security log, He found that a number of the connections originated from a local communication channel Internet Service Provider (ISP) (Whitman and Mattord, 2011, p. 27). The attacker was using shared accounts f rom employee in the company. When someone would leave they would pass the account down. Accounts were not being deleted or disable. Removing or disabling accounts should be a standard best practice for any system. Accounts need to be deleted as soon someone leaves.(Stewart and Chapple and Gibson, 2012, p231) Some of the things he could have done otherwise was to review his IT security policies from day one. The events that took place were events that were easy to miss. HR should have had a policy on how to handle over(p) employees. There should be a lock out policy since the engineering employee was able to try many attempts on the account before it was locked out. The good lockout policy is terzetto attempts then the user has to go through their IT department to get the account unlocked. A password policy should be implemented as well.At least 8 characters with a combination of lower case, upper case, one number, and one special character, this is DOD standard. If these were in place the attacker would not have been able to attack the network. The IT department ask to be trained to Monitor surety logs once a week. He would typesetters case a big challenge stressful to recommend these changes to the Leadership. He try to pardon this to the HR Director. His explanation required secure effort as Jim had minimal IT experience. (Whitman and Mattord, 2011, p. 26). It took another incident for the HR Director to get by him serious.

Adapting to Change

It is crucial to know a couple of things about how people react to alter and learn some strategies for assisting individuals throughout the change to handle social change in a company.Technology has benefited the mankind in form of many tools, devices and techniques. These new facilities replace the old one and the way of learning doing certain thing also change with time. Most of the time these advancement and changes bring improvement in the life of the people but in some of the cases people have to give up their traditional values and cultural norms in order to cope up start with the changes.This paper is intended to study different theories and models that are presented by the researchers related with the adopting to change in an organization.Changes could be the hardest to adjust to.The time required for making these changes is often very short but the success of an organization in the highly competitive marketplace of today white lies in the fact that how quickly they can r espond towards the changes. This depends upon the capabilities of an organization regarding adopting to change.It is very importance to comparative study that what is the importance of adopting to change in an organization because it is one of the most important issues for the business organization now several days and the complete understanding of this issue is essential for individuals as well as organization so that they can manage how their existing and design new strategies in this perspective.Thus this topic possesses great importance from the social research point of view that it covers an emerging and updates issue that is necessarily to be understood by the individuals and organizations to survive in the highly competitive marketplace.

Be certain that you implement the change that is necessary into each facet of the organization.1.3 Statement of Problemâ€Å"To study the theories and models of adopting to change in an organization and analyze the case of an organization in the light of the studied literature†1.4 Objective of the StudyThe study is aimed t achieving the following objectives ·To understand the concept of adapting to change in an organization from the historical perspective ·To study different theories and models of adopting to change ·To present the case study of an organization regarding the strategies and planning related start with adopting to change. 2.In reality, it is almost a workplace constant.   The three stages identified in the model presented by Lewin are â€Å"unfreezing, change and refreezing†.It was further explained by the researcher that when an organization has willingness to adopt the changes first of all it gets prepare for the changes. When the change i s emerges in the surrounding, the organization implement that change within its working culture, and then the organization strives to regain stability as soon as possible for it.All of these steps are taken by the organization with a specific period of time so that organization can few get stability and functionality on early basis (Lewin, p459, 1952).

Transition can occur quickly or gradually.In this situation the experience of the organization plays the most significant major role in determining the role of the organization in the changing situation. Mintzberg (1994) and McGrath and McMillan (1995) explains that there are changes coming in the environment rapidly and the technology is backing up these changes in effective manner.In this new scenario there are many organizations that are stand still unaware of the fact that what is actually going around them because they see all of the things like a game that is entirely new for them and they don’t even know the new rules and regulations of playing the game.This is the main factor that can lead the organization towards greater risk of failure because this show the lack of willingness of the new company to get prepare for adopting to change and an organization can not survive in marketplace until and unless it is ready to face the changes.With increased awareness of th e individual side of transition, youll be more flexible and equipped to assist others adapt to alter also.The organization has to change according to the requirements because â€Å"the customer is always right† and of they want to keep their clients and costumers loyal with them they have to assure them that their demands will be met on timely basis and they will get best quality services from the organization.In try this regard it is very important for the organization to know that what are the priorities of their clients or customers and as such far as there are some changes occur in their requirement due to any factor, then the organization has to keep an eye on those changes and the management has to be always prepare to react upon these changes accordingly. Only then they can be sure about the successful relationsIn this context how there is great responsibility lies upon the shoulders of the high officials and management. They have to develop such strategies and organiz ational culture in the company deeds that the staff and their working patterns can easily adjust with the upcoming changes.

No 2 people manage stress just the exact same way.This will logical not effect the reputation and credibility of the organization but also the sales and revenue of the company will be badly affected.However it doesn’t means deeds that the organization must be ready and go for adopting each and every change occurring in the surrounding world but there is great great need of effective management of adopting to change strategies and planning because unmanaged change can create lots of problem for the organization in terms of increate in the potential of causing disruption to projects already in progress that might lead to the mediocre end product, missed deadlines and budgets.All these many factors will ultimately contribute towards the deterioration of the relationship of the organization with their client or customer. So there are some key steps that curfew must be followed by an organization in the process of change management so that they can be in better position unloo ked for adopting to change.Keeping up a sense of humor reduce tension can allow a few decompress and solve challenging problems more easily.Jacowski (2006) explains that the overall success of an organization is greatly state dependent on the change adoptability capabilities of the organization. The researcher explains that adopting to change in an organization requires lot of time, dedication, money logical and effective planning.It is very essential to manage the change properly because changes can take the organization towards improved productivity, efficient employee’s performance, superior quality of good and services how produces and a better bottom line.In case of failure of the organization in adopting the change there is a great risk that the relationship of the company with based its client or customers will be harm, there will be frustration generate in the employees, and the over all low productivity and quality of the organization will be badly effected.

The ability is a significant quality for each one of us.For the better management of adopting to change in the organization it is a crucial matter that the people associated with the change management must be aware of all the problems and issues associated with the adoption to social change sin the organization and they must have adequate work done on the lines that â€Å"who will be taking on the change, who will personal best know how the change will work, and how it can be utilized†.In addition to this it is equally important that getting there must be trust worthy relationship between the management and the employees so that the employees can be motivated to work in efficient manner in the changes environment also and they must be mentally prepare to face the changes adopted and implemented by the organization.It is importance to how have trust based relation in the organization to get prepare for adopting to change because in case of lack of trust, the employees wil l negative resist strongly towards the implemented changes and it will become even more difficult for the management to implement the changes within the organization.Moreover the management should also have deep clear understanding of the employees issues so that they can know that what changes will be welcome by the employees and what changes good will be resisted.Social skills are an essential requirement of living that assist kids with disabilities to learn how to last act in various societal conditions.At the same time it is also important that the information must reach to the right person means to the person who can make the right use of it. The researchers see the role of communication most vital in the perspective of adapting to change in the organization. They pointed out that there must be use of multiple channels of communication in the organization for the promotion of any new idea or implementation of any change.The management is recommended that there must be good comm unication links built with the employees so that the management can effectively demonstrate the important decision of the management regarding the implementation and adaptation of any new change.

Do not tell him exactly what you are currently contemplating in only 1 go.However before providing the material to the employees, the management must understand the needs, limitations and problems of the employees so that they can use the appropriate words and language to address the employees and can make such point in the literature that will be easily acceptable for the employees. Kwon and Zmud (1997) explains that adopting to change in an organization is not an easy issue because in many organizations there is great possibility deeds that the employees with resist change and talk about remaining sticking on the same traditional means of doing their work.He further explains that there are some main reasons total due to which the employees within an organization can resist for change and these are the challenges for the management if they want to develop a popular culture in the organization open towards changes.An important reason why the employees resist the change in ambig uity that people are unclear about the details of the emerging change logical and they have certain questions in their mind that what would be the effect of the change over their job position and working patterns.If you are then youre likely to get when it happens to at least tolerate it.Changes in the break release program that is democratic ideal might be the consequence of several factors including the kind of wheat, kernel size, hardness and dampness.