Strategic HRM plans and policies

Why the American Citizens are Adopting Children from Other Countries

Why the American Citizens are Adopting Children from Other Countries Brodzinsky, D.M., Schechter, M.D., Henig, R.M.   (1992). Being adopted: The lifelong search for self. New York, NY: Doubleday. The authors of this book managed to outline developmental tasks at each of seven stages throughout the life of an adopted person.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Why the American Citizens are Adopting Children from Other Countries? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brodzinsky, D.M., Schechter, M.D. (Eds.) (1990). The psychology of adoption. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. The chapters of this book are written by leading researchers in the field of adoption, and they cover such topics as theoretical perspectives on adoption adjustment, outcomes of adoption, identity formation, interracial adoption, family therapy, social policy, and open adoption. Glennen, S. (2002). Language development and delay in internationally adopted infants and toddlers: A review. American Jo urnal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(2), 333-339. Glennen succinctly covers the concept of delayed speech and language development in internationally adopted children. He states that the major problem is not the transition from one culture to another but change of language and sound issues. Grotevant, H., Dunbar, N., Kohler, J.K., Lash Esau, E.M. (2000). Adoptive identity: How contexts within and beyond the family shape developmental pathways. Family Relations, 49(4), 379-387. This article discusses the development of the adoptive identity in terms of the intrapsychic component, family environment, and contexts beyond the family; implications for practitioners are included. Hollingsworth, L. (2002). Why are so many U. S. families adopting internationally? A social exchange perspective. Journal of Human Behaviour in the Social Environment, 6(2), 81-97. The author gives several reasons why the American citizens are adopting children from other countries. Additionally, readers are p rovided with clear statistics about international adoption in the U.S. Johnson, D. (2002). Adoption and the effect on childrens development. Early Human Development, 68(2), 39-54. The paper brings forth the various issues relating to the concept of adoption. Similarly, there is a section devoted by the writer which talks about the problems faced by individuals who are adopted and the best way to overcome them. Kelly, M.,  Towner†Thyrum, E., Rigby, A., Martin, B. (1998). Adjustment and identity formation in adopted and non-adopted young adults: Contributions of family environment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(3), 497-500. Adopted college students were compared with non-adopted college students on measures of adjustment and identity formation, and the two groups were found to be largely similar.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lifton, B. (2001). Shared identity issues for adopted people. In V. Groza K. F. Rosenberg (Eds.), Clinical and practice issues in adoption: Bridging the gap between adopted people placed as infants and as older children, (pp. 37-48). Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey. The author draws upon her experience as an adopted person and upon her work with all members of the adoption triad to explore the psychological issues faced by adopted people before, during, and after their search for their birth family. Rosenberg, E. (1992). The adoption life cycle: The children and their families through the years. New York, NY: Free Press. The book is written by a clinical professor in psychiatry, this book draws on case examples to show how the different members of the adoption triad influence each other and to describe developmental tasks for those in the adoption circle. Serbin, L. (1997). Research on international adoption: Implications for developmental theory and social policy. International Journal o f Behavioural Development, 20(2), 83-92. The author of this article did an excellent job by linking development theories of human beings from day one to when they grow to adulthood and the impacts associated by being adopted internationally. Sharma, A.,  McGue, M.K., Benson, P.L. (1996). The emotional and behavioural adjustment of United States adopted adolescents: Part I. An overview. Children and Youth Services Review, 18(1-2), 83-100. In a comparison of adjustment and family functioning in over 4,000 adopted adolescents and over 4,000 non-adopted adolescents, small but significant differences were found between the groups, with one finding showing lower self-confidence and optimism in adopted persons. Smyer, M., Gatz, M., Simi, N.L., Pedersen, N.L. (1998). Childhood adoption: Long-term effects in adulthood. Psychiatry, 61(3), 191-205. Researchers studied adult outcome variables in 60 pairs of twins who had been separated as infants or children, so that one was raised in the b iological family and one was raised in an adoptive family; results emphasize the impact of socioeconomic status on adult outcomes, such that adopted adults were better educated but also showed greater psychological distress. Trolley, B. (1995). Grief issues and positive aspects associated with international adoption. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 30(1), 257-268. Trolley covered the issue of emotion, grief and perception of being devalued. On the same note, he ventured to the positive issues related to international adoption such as provision of basic needs, quality education among others. References Brodzinsky, D.M.,  Schecter, M.D., Henig, R.M.   (1992). Being adopted: The lifelong search for self. New York, NY: Doubleday.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Why the American Citizens are Adopting Children from Other Countries? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brodzinsky, D.M., Schechter, M.D . (Eds.) (1990). The psychology of adoption. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Glennen, S. (2002). Language development and delay in internationally adopted infants and toddlers: A review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(2), 333-339. Grotevant, H., Dunbar, N., Kohler, J.K., Lash Esau, E.M. (2000). Adoptive identity: How contexts within and beyond the family shape developmental pathways. Family Relations, 49(4), 379-387. Hollingsworth, L. (2002). Why are so many U. S. families adopting internationally? A social exchange perspective. Journal of Human Behaviour in the Social Environment, 6(2), 81-97. Johnson, D. (2002). Adoption and the effect on childrens development. Early Human Development, 68(2), 39-54. Kelly, M.,  Towner†Thyrum, E., Rigby, A., Martin, B. (1998). Adjustment and identity formation in adopted and non-adopted young adults: Contributions of family environment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(3), 497-500. Lifton, B. (2001). Share d identity issues for adopted people. In V. Groza K. F. Rosenberg (Eds.), Clinical and practice issues in adoption: Bridging the gap between adopted people placed as infants and as older children, (pp. 37-48). Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rosenberg, E. (1992). The adoption life cycle: The children and their families through the years. New York, NY: Free Press. Serbin, L. (1997). Research on international adoption: Implications for developmental theory and social policy. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 20(2), 83-92. Sharma, A.,  McGue, M.K., Benson, P.L. (1996). The emotional and behavioural adjustment of United States adopted adolescents: Part I. An overview. Children and Youth Services Review, 18(1-2), 83-100. Smyer, M., Gatz, M., Simi, N.L., Pedersen, N.L. (1998). Childhood adoption: Long-term effects in adulthood. Psychiatry, 61(3), 191-205. Trolley, B. (1995). Grief issues and positive aspects associated with international adoption. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 30(1), 257-268.

Ad Proposal for Apple 2014 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ad Proposal for Apple 2014 - Essay Example EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The principle intention of the paper is to analyze the present marketing strategy of Apple Inc (Apple) and depict the strengths and weaknesses of the same, which would further be considered for strategizing future campaigns. Contextually, keeping in consideration the strengths and loopholes of advertising in Apple, a proposition has been made to the company, aiming at its launch of an ad campaign in the succeeding year, i.e. 2014. This proposal has been based on the analysis of the past records of the advertising strategies adapted by Apple, which were further assessed from a critical point of view in order to identify its strengths and weaknesses, with respect to the ad campaigns. Observably, the main strength of advertising approach of the company is its simplicity and its ability to ensure emotional connectedness with the targeted customers. However, the company is seen to be somewhat reluctant towards targeting the non-competitive market with the help of its adv ertising, which has remained to be a debatable topic in the recent years. Contextually, a proposal has been made planning the future advertising campaigns of Apple, which has focused on enhancing the appeal of the advertising on the competitive and the non-competitive markets along with insuring maximum innovation of the same keeping the company’s strengths and weaknesses into account. ... It is worth mentioning in this context that Apple has also been focused on applying competitive brand imaging strategies, taking the approach of year-on-year ad campaigns. COMPANY OVERVIEW Being a renowned global Information Communication Technology (ICT) company, Apple is principally engaged with the designing, manufacturing and marketing of innovative ICT products of high quality. The company is famous worldwide as an innovative brand and a pioneer in advancing the quality features of ICT devices to deliver utmost conveniences to the customers. The success of the company worldwide can also be regarded as a byproduct of its effective marketing and product strategy. Notably, the current marketing strategy of the company is based on the notion of simplicity and on the intention of developing a direct connection with the customers. Contrastingly, there are certain loopholes in the marketing section including lack of innovation and targeting non competitive markets that the company stra tegically desires to overcome in its future campaigns (Hoovers, â€Å"Apple Inc. Company Information†). CURRENT MARKETING STRATEGY OF APPLE INC (ADVERTISING) As discussed above, Apple is one of the biggest consumer electronics companies of the world. The success ratio of the company is currently observable at an uprising path, owing to its effective policies and approaches to satisfy the customers. Among the major approaches of the company, it marketing tactics has a pivotal role in its success worldwide. For instance, the company believes that simple marketing campaigns are much better and effective in delivering favorable results. The marketing approach of the company, which works according to the changing market trend, can be stated as its major strength. In all its ad campaigns till

Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Statistics - Essay Example Additionally, the regression model created in this paper is used to discuss the variation in house prices depending on presence, absence or variation in the predicting factors. Thus, house prices are considered to be the dependent variables whereas the number of bathrooms, number of bedrooms and size in square feet are deemed to be the independent or predictor variables. Factors that determine house prices have an economic significance. For instance, a home or a house that has three bedrooms and three bathrooms is considered to have a higher price than those houses that have two bathrooms and two bedrooms. Moreover, a house with a larger size (square feet) is deemed to be more costly than a smaller house. Thus, this study has value to the real estate industry and economy at large. Firstly, it assists in determining the cost of living of people in different settings. This provides an insight on the level of cost of living for a particular place. Moreover, it plays a role in measuring the living standards of people occupying houses that have different specifications. Lastly, this study is useful in budget and planning as it enables one to estimate the average price of a house that suits his or her specifications. This would add value to previous findings over the same topic of study. Therefore, the hypothesis being investigated is that the sales price of a home is determined by the number of bedrooms, number of bathrooms and size in square feet. To prove this hypothesis, the paper uses sales data for homes from Springfield. In this data, only four variables are considered in fitting a regression model as shown below: The above regression model can be summarized as: House Price = -591420.7785 + 326.5526297 sq-ft + 160839.1163 Baths + 8436.754376 Beds. An interpretation of this is that when the size of a house is increased by a single square feet, the price of the house increases by $326.5526297, when the number

Should New Orleans be deploying a WiFi hookup citywide, or should this Essay

Should New Orleans be deploying a WiFi hookup citywide, or should this be left to the private sector - Essay Example In the aftermath of the disastrous Hurricane Katrina, the infrastructure of New Orleans was completely wiped out. This meant that traditional wireline phone service and cellular networks stopped functioning. The only communication network that was still intact was the wireless mesh network mounted on electric poles that was used to support the city's crime surveillance cameras prior to the storm. (Greene, 2006). Once power was restored to the storm ravaged city, one of the first steps undertaken by the Chief Intelligence Officer of New Orleans (CIO), Greg Meffert, was to expand the Tropos-based mesh network, link it to the Internet and open access to citizens to make IP calls through VoIP, (Voice over Internet Protocol) software from companies like Skype and Vonage (Greene, 2006). And thus the idea of a WiFi network for the city took shape, and on November 29, 2005 (just 3 months after the disaster) City Mayor C. Ray Nagin announced the deployment of the country's first free municipa lly owned wireless internet system in the downtown area. (Krim, 2005). The public Wi-Fi service, was set up with $1.2 million worth of equipment donated by Tropos and Intel (Hamblen, 2006). The case of New Orleans brings to light the increasing trend of municipalities across America and the world to launch their own free or low cost wireless internet service over entire city areas. As in the case with New Orleans, the arguments for deploying a municipally owned wireless internet are 1) To reduce the digital divide; a term which refers to those (individuals and businesses) who are disadvantaged by the inability to access high-speed internet because of their failure to pay for high speed DSL/broadband or their geographic location (rural America, where low population density ) which makes it infeasible to lay down the infrastructure needed for traditional wireline internet services. 2) Low cost of deployment: A WiFi network makes use of existing infrastructure like electricity poles, lamp posts, municipal buildings etc. to transmit signals over a sufficiently large area. The proposed cost of the WiFi network for 1.5 m people of Philadelphia was projected at $10.5 million; conversely it cost $ 8.5 million to build the traditional broadband cable and internet network, in Lebanon (Ohio), which is a small town of only 17,000 people. Thus the cost per person would be much lower as compared to a wired network and the time taken for deployment is also comparatively faster (New Millennium Research, 2005). 3) Municipally owned wireless network will bring forth efficiency and increased productivity in the working of the city councils and law enforcement agencies. This was seen in the efficient working of the building inspectors in New Orleans who were able swiftly process paperwork for reconstruction permits without wasting time in travel from city office to site. WiFi networks can also in the future

Analysing The Chemistry Of Coke Chemistry Essay

Analysing The Chemistry Of Coke Chemistry Essay Coke is the most popular carbonated soft drink. Generally there is Phosphoric acid in all fizzy drinks including cokes. The Phosphoric acid is infused as an active ingredient in coke to provide the tangy flavour. There is variety of different types of cokes. For example diet coke which contains less sugar and calories than original coke, vanilla coke which has vanilla flavour and zero coke which contains no sugar at all. Nowadays it is getting issued that phosphoric acid can damage humans teeth or bone health even with minimal exposure. Investigation of finding out the amount of phosphoric acid in each three different cokes; original, zero and vanilla coke by titration is done for consumers to let them know that amount of phosphoric acid is not changed depends the types of the cokes. Introduction Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is an active ingredient that contributes the tangy taste in the coke. The acid is fairly weak but, more drinks, the more acid human body has to neutralize. For that the body uses calcium from the bones which reduce the bone strength. (AdlersbergJay, 2010) To analyse the phosphoric acid in cokes, the acid/base titration method has been brought. Acid/bas titration is required to determine the unknown concentration of a known reactant. It is performed by dropping the known solution in the burette into the unknown solution in the beaker which has been added a few drops of the indicator or simply using the pH Meter. (KennanMark) The indicator is a liquid that makes the colour change of the solution when it is neutralized. Different indicators are used for different pH levels and they have different colour changes. (Acid-Base Chemistry) Indicator pH Range Color Change Thymol blue 1.2 2.8 red à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ yellow Methyl red 4.4 6.2 red à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ yellow Litmus 5 8 red à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ blue Bromothymol blue 6.2 7.6 yellow à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ blue Phenolphthalein 8.0 10.0 colorless à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ pink The experiment is performed based on the hypothesis, the amount of phosphoric acid in each different types of cokes are different as they are not the same type of the coke. Main Body Aim The aim of the experiment is to analyse a commercial sample of three different types of cokes and determine the mass of phosphoric acid in the samples using volumetric analysis; acid/base titration. Hypothesis If the types of the coke are different then the quantity of phosphoric acid in cokes will differ to each other because each types of coke contain variety of ingredients in different amounts. Materials Balance 50ml beaker 20ml pipette 25ml pipette 50ml burette 250ml volumetric flask 100ml volumetric flask 250ml conical flask Spatula Label sticker Small glass funnel Burette stand and clamp White tile Distilled water Phenolphthalein indicator KHSO4 Approx 0.1M NaOH solution Coca-Cola (original, zero, vanilla) Method Standard KHSO4 Solution Approximately 3g of KHSO4 was measured and put into a clean 50ml beaker. For dissolving the KHSO4, Transferred KHSO4 and distilled water to 250ml volumetric flask and filled the flask with distilled water. Put the stopper and mixed the contents of the flask well. Then calculated number of moles and concentration of KHSO4 and recorded them. Standardising the NaOH solution Pour the 0.1M of NaOH into the burette and made sure that the initial volume exactly 0.00ml. Next, poured the standard KHSO4 solution measured with 20ml pipette into conical flask and added 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Then, the NaOH was slowly dropped into the flask until the KHSO4 solution turned slightly pale pink which tells its end-point and recorded the NaOH volume used. Repeated standardising twice and recorded them as well. After that, calculation of the molarity of NaOH was done by using the average of the three volume measurements. Analysis of Coke Before starting the analysis of the cokes, original coke, zero coke and vanilla coke had been left for approximately 32 hours in the beakers with no lids on, to make sure there was no carbonic acid in them. This was because that coke doesnt only contain phosphoric acid but carbonic acid which makes the drinks fizzy. Put cokes measured by Pipette 20ml in to 100ml volumetric flasks. Then made 20% diluted coke by filling the flask to the 100ml mark with distilled water. Put the stoppers on them and shake the each solution. Labelled the each flask. Pipette 25ml of each three 20% diluted coke solution to clean 250ml conical flasks and added 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to each samples in flasks. After that, titrating NaOH solution was performed into the coke samples and recorded the required NaOH volumes for the samples. Again, the steps were repeated twice for each sample. Lastly, the molarity of phosphoric acid in the 20% coke solutions and the mass of phosphoric acid present in commercial undiluted cokes were calculated. Results Standard KHSO4 solution Mass of KHSO4 used: 3.2g Standardising the NaOH solution V(KHSO4) = 20ml Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 NaOH Volume used 20.4ml 19.8ml 19.8ml Average volume: (20.4+19.8+19.8)/3 = 20ml Analysis of Coke Volume of 20% original/zero/vanilla coke used = 25ml Trial 1 Trial 2 Original 0.7ml 0.8ml Zero 0.8ml 0.8ml Vanilla 0.7ml 0.9ml Average volume: Original: (0.7+0.8)/2 = 0.75ml Zero: (0.8+0.8)/2 = 0.8ml Vanilla: (0.7+0.9)/2 = 0.8ml Discussion Analysis of results The experiment was performed in three parts to titrate the cokes. The first part was for making standard KHSO4 solution. 3.2g of KHSO4 was used to make the solution and that made the concentration of KHSO4 solution 0.0938M which is nearly 0.1 M. Molar mass of KHSO4: 39.1+1+32.1+(161) = 136.2g/mol Moles of KHSO4: m/M = 3.2/136.2 = 0.0235 moles Concentration of KHSO4: n/V = 0.0235/0.250 = 0.0938M (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 0.1M) The second part was for standardising the 0.1 M NaOH solutions. It was performed three times and the average volume of NaOH used was applied in the calculation of concentration of NaOH by using the concentration formula, C1V1=C2V2. The calculation below shows the concentration of NaOH was 0.0938 M. Concentration of NaOH: (CKHSO4VKHSO4)/VNaOH = (0.093820)/20 = 0.0938M Lastly the third part was for analysis of cokes. Titrating three different types of coke by NaOH solution was performed in this part. The result showed that NaOH solution has been used 0.75ml for original coke and 0.8ml for zero and vanilla coke. The volume used differences between the three cokes were not that big. However these little differences affected the final result. Concentration calculation was brought to determine the concentration of 20% coke solutions and undiluted coke. After the molarity of undiluted coke (phosphoric acid), it was able to calculate the mass of phosphoric acid in 1L of undiluted coke solutions. Concentration of 20% coke solutions (phosphoric acid): (CNaOHVNaOH)/Vcoke Original: (0.0938 x 0.75)/25 = 0.002814M Zero: (0.0938 x 0.8)/25 = 0.003002M Vanilla: (0.0938 x 0.8)/25 = 0.003002M Concentration of the undiluted coke (phosphoric acid) Original: 0.001814 x 5 = 0.00912M Zero: 0.003002 x 5 = 0.01501M Vanilla: 0.003002 x 5 = 0.01501M Mass of phosphoric acid in 1L of undiluted coke solutions (Molar mass of phosphoric acid (H3PO4): (13)+31+(164) = 98g/mol) Original: 0.00912 x 98 = 0.89376g/1000ml Zero: 0.01501 x 98 = 1.47098g/1000ml Vanilla: 0.01501 x 98 = 1.47098g/1000ml Throughout the titration in third part of experiment, the amount of phosphoric acid in 1L of undiluted original coke, zero coke and vanilla coke have been calculated. The result came out fairly different to the hypothesis of this experiment. Contrary to the expectation, titration results of three cokes were not that different. According to the result, there is approximately 0.89376g of phosphoric acid in original coke and 1.47098g of phosphoric acid in zero and vanilla coke. The original coke has 0.57722g less phosphoric acid than others. Therefore the original coke has less phosphoric acid and zero and vanilla coke contain 0.57722g more phosphoric acid. Error analysis The major error was occurred during the titration. Because the colour of the cokes was too dark to see the colour change to pink, it was needed to be diluted so the coke solutions were 20% diluted with distilled water. However, even if it was able to see the colour change, the colour of the diluted coke was still dark that it was hardly seen the solutions changing of pale pink, end-point. The result was supposed to show their phosphoric acid contents were same but it was not. It is assumed that the titration was not accurate enough because of the dark colour of cokes and that is because there was 0.05ml of NaOH less volume used in original coke. Conclusion The purpose of the experiment was to find out the most phosphoric acid contained coke since it was guessed that different types of coke would contain unlike quantity of acid to each other. So the method of acid/base titration has been invited to figure out the amount of phosphoric acid in each different types of coke; original coke, zero coke and vanilla coke. For the titration, standard KHSO4 solution and standardising the NaOH solution were required. Throughout all the records and calculation, it was able to determine the quantity of phosphoric acid in each types of coke. Different to the prediction, fairly similar amounts of phosphoric acid were contained in the cokes. It is shown through that original coke is bit healthier than other two types of coke as it has 0.57722g less phosphoric acid it but as the difference is not that outstand, it is determined that generally constant amount of phosphoric acid are irrespective of the types of the coke.

Essay --

There is an epidemic that is sweeping society that is visible and difficult not to notice; Obesity. Obesity can be called many things by many people. Some people in our society refer to obesity as an epidemic or a disease or a fat person’s problem. Obesity can be labeled many things by many people but there is a general consensus that obesity is a national problem. A person who is obese can be singled out by an employer to pay higher health insurance premiums solely because he or she is obese. The implication that an obese person is put into a separate category from a non-obese person can strengthen the stigma that obesity has on the society. Obesity in society impacts everyone from increased healthcare costs, a person’s overall physical and mental health and the stigma that being obese carries. Society’s problem with obesity is not solely for the children and adults who are overweight, but for every person to help find workable solutions to stop the overall hea lth epidemic that obesity causes. The cost of being obese affects not only the person who is obese but also health care providers, employers and insurance companies. There is a financial strain that is felt throughout society because of the increase of health care costs, health insurance premiums and earning potentials of obese workers that affect the society now and in the future. A person who is obese will â€Å"incur almost $40,000 in additional lifetime health care costs† than a person who is not obese (Davlglus, 2005, p. 98). The numbers associated with the cost of obesity are staggering. Individuals who are obese will spend about $1,500 more in health care and $600 more in prescription drugs than a person who is not obese (Guarino, 2013). The cost of obesity not only aff... ...ividual person and to the society have far reaching effects on the economy as a whole and the obese individual. The physical and mental health of an obese person is not only a concern for the individual but to society. When a group of people are inflicted with diseases directly related to obesity it is time for society to step up and demand a change in how we treat obesity related illnesses and not make obese individuals ashamed to seek medical treatment. The views society has on an obese person does not help foster positive and encouraging feelings but encourages social stigma against the obese. The cycle of health care and health and views on the obese all work together in this epidemic. One part of the obesity problem cannot be solved or addressed without it effecting another area and the problem of our society and nation to work together to find a solution.

The anesthesia technician & technologist’s manual: All you need to know for study and reference Essay

Improvements of Anesthesia Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From nineteenth century, there have been important and continuous improvements in the field of medicine in United States, particularly in discovery of microorganisms as the root cause of disease and anesthesia. The improvements have been of great importance in facilitating effective, convenient, and safest methods of treatment. The paper below discusses anesthesia improvements, and importance of its improvement in treatment. Improvements of anesthesia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The direct use of volatile anesthetics and intense cold were the most important steps in anesthesia in nineteenth century. The steps were used in surgical sites during treatment of traumatic injuries. This was possible by bringing down local temperature of body tissues by the application of salt and ice during the surgeon. However, to estimate the cold projection was extremely complex when using salt and ice. This gave rise to new techniques such as topical application of Dutch oil and vaporization of ether and ethylene chloride by fumigation and spraying. Since then, there was continuous discovery of more anesthetic liquids such as amyl hydrate and vaginal Dutch. Having improved the anesthetic liquids, there was a major challenge in obstruction of sprays used. As a result, there came need to improve the jet, which was possible by designing different systems of nozzles. Almost to the end of the century, some medical practitioners recommend ed the improvements best for surgeon but many individual called for alternative approach, especially in minor surgery (Walter, 2014).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All the way from 19th century to transition into the twentieth century, there have been many improvements of anesthesia care (Woodworth, 2012). For instance, the common practice discussed above changed by introduction of cocaine around 1884.Later in 1934, the sodium Pentothal was introduced for intravenous anesthetic administration. Despite its many challenges associated with its negative side effects when administered to some patients, it remained the most effective until 1977 when Dr.Brian Kay introduced muscle relaxants and rubber endotracheal tubes. In 1980s, pulse oximetry and end tidal CO2 were introduced that facilitated EKG monitoring. Use of the improvement in medical practice today   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of above discussed improvements are still used across the United States. For instance, the improvement of EKG monitoring makes it possible to manage neuromuscular blockade .In addition, the use of muscle relaxants and rubber endotracheal tubes makes it easy for anesthesiologists to monitor the condition of the patient .The monitoring of the patients’ condition primarily involves checking of blood pressure as well as pulse rate. Being able to process EEG measurement, end tidal CO2 and pulse oximetry have made it possible to quantify the depth of anesthesia. The monitoring incorporated with some of discussed advances has led into the best anesthetic practice by improving patient’s safety.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indisputably, there is significant from the use of advances though some of the anesthetic practices used today for surgery have changed tremendously. Unfortunately, while bringing the changes in transformation of anesthesia surgery, the dramatic change in body knowledge and skills developed from the improvements has resulted to inseparable and complex medical disciplines. Future developments in anesthesia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aside from the above important improvements discussed such as introduction of pulse oximeter in aesthesia practices in United States today, there are many cases of mortality and morbidity in anesthesia. It is therefore obvious that the discoveries are not the â€Å"end of the road† but the push to new heights .However, with improved, optimal, and creative anesthetic management evident in United States ,there is hope of continued improvement to develop most safer and effective anesthesia practices while cutting down the pressure from medical economics. This will only be possible if anesthesiologists rise to the challenge. References Walter. (2014). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482821/puerperal-fever Woodworth, G., & Kirsch, J. (2012).  The anesthesia technician & technologist’s manual: All you need to know for study and reference. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Source document

On Don McCullen essays

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