Geochemistry, Pollution Analysis and Management of Groundwater in Karaj plain, Iran

Geochemistry, Pollution Analysis and Management of Groundwater in Karaj field, Iran Introduction: All living things depend perfectly on a supply of fresh H2O and in term of human necessities ; H2O is considered most of import following merely to air. Water is used for many intents Viz. , domestic, agribusiness, industry and other multi assorted demands. However, many people around the universe are inveterate short of H2O even for personal demands. There are several grounds for dearth of H2O and most of import among them is increasing population. Increasing population and altering universe, demand increased demands of consumptive and non-consumptive H2O. Therefore, it is true that fresh H2O is indispensable for human endurance and is an indispensable demand for sustainable development. Worldwide agribusiness histories for 69 % the lion’s portion of H2O usage and agricultural demand is turning as population continues to increase. Major portion of this demand is met with land H2O resources and therefore land H2O tabular array is gone down alarmingly and status is unstable. In add-on, H2O quality is merely every bit of import as measure. The H2O in many topographic points is contaminated and H2O born diseases continue to be scourages of human sort. Management of H2O resources particularly groundwater is really complex in position of the viing demands for use. The survey demands realistic assessment of current and awaited demands for H2O by assorted H2O utilizations. It is hence of import that latest modern techniques of survey and rating of H2O resources by following the modern methodological analysiss like Arc GIS SPSS, Rockwork, Rockware and etc, packages. Aim and range of the present survey: Measuring the measure and quality of H2O resources is the of import facet in H2O resources planning and direction. Unfortunately much of the world’s population specially in state like Iran lacks a suited and safe H2O supply and many a clip supplies are disrupted. With turning population these types of Problems are traveling more common in close hereafter. Hence interdisciplinary surveies are required with mention to the research job in undertaking the bing jobs expeditiously and get the better of. The present survey purposes to measure land H2O resources and its quality since pantie surface H2O resources available in Karaj field, Iran and analysing its tendency, both in infinite and clip. An effort is made to understand the nature of the job in footings of land H2O related issues and to come out with an appropriate solution on a scientific footing. The attack towards the job will be multidisciplinary as it includes, geological, hydrological, hydrogeochemical and environmental conditions of the country. Karaj Plain is one of the huge upland field of Iran, with an mean one-year rainfall of 260mm and entire one-year infiltration of groundwater is estimated to be 56 million three-dimensional metres. The demand of fresh H2O for assorted multi-user like anthropogenetic demands, agribusiness pattern and industrial demand is about 61.5 billion three-dimensional metres. At present, there is a deficit of 5.5 billion three-dimensional metres in a twelvemonth and this may be farther agrivated due to increase of population and resulted more demand in close hereafter. Decrease in volume of groundwater reservoirs will besides accordingly do the decrease of the quality of groundwater. Apart from this the land H2O of the country is badly polluting from inflow of pollutant waste H2O of industrial workss and human waste wastewaters in Karaj metropolis. Further Increasing development of industry, agricultural pattern and inordinate population growing in the part consequences more of taint of groundwat er in the part. Therefore measuring the measure and quality of groundwater resources and its judicial use is the of import facets in H2O resources planning and direction of the survey country. Reappraisal of literature: The campaigner has looked into the above discussed jobs in the chosen country and noticed that non much work has done. There are merely meager studies in the literature. The quality of groundwater in Karaj Plain since the last 10 old ages has been investigated and tested by Tehran Regional Company and the concentration of cations, anions, coarseness etc. , are studied. Recently, State Geological Organization has analysed, dirt and surface and land H2O resources in and around Tehran metropolis. There is a study on ‘Study of concentration of heavy metal elements in groundwater resources of Garmabdasht in Gorgan, by Sahar Armanpour et Al 2007. There are besides studies on â€Å"Geochemical procedures are responsible for the spatial-temporal fluctuations in groundwater chemical science in the western portion of Iran† ( Fazel Tavassol, Sajjad et Al. 2008 and Fazel Tavassol, Sajjad 2009 ) . Hence an in deepness survey of qualitative and quantitative analysis and direction of l and H2O resources in Karaj field is much needed. Geographic place of the studied part: one of the biggest metropolis of Alborz Province is Karaj metropolis. The survey country, Karaj field is situated in Northwest of Tehran, Iran, lies between latitudes 34 °50? to 35 °30? N and longitudes 47 °12? , to 48 °10? E covering an country of 811 sq kilometer. Its northern side is situated in the northern Highlandss of Karaj, the eastern side is Kan River, the western side is Hashrgerd Plain and the southern side is Mallard and Saleh Abad. The mean tallness of the part is 1500 m above MSL. The most of import metropolis located in this Alborz Province is Karaj, which is metropolis including some big and little metropoliss with populations of more than 1728000 individuals and an country of 162 sq kilometer. There are more than 3000 big and little graduated table chemical, automotive and nutrient industries in the part. Area of farming areas is estimated to be about 17000 hectares. Iran Persia Location of the survey country Aim: The undermentioned aims are formulated for chosen survey country:Designation of different hydrogeomorphical conditions and lineament analysis of the survey country.Appraisal of groundwater quality and hydrogeomorphical mold.Evaluation the H2O resourses by environmental impact appraisal ( EIA )Conservation and direction of groundwater in the survey country.Materials and methods used in theChosencountry of research: The undermentioned methods are to be adopted in the present probes and analysis:Geological map of the survey country will be complied utilizing bing regional geological map, satelite imaginations and GIS packages.Analysis and spatial distribution theamatic maps of rainfall will be constructed utilizing meteoric informations and GIS packagesMorphometric analysis and hydrogeomophic zones of the Karaj field will be done utilizing SOI toposheets, Satelite Imageries and GIS. ( Arc GIS10, Global Mapper 14, PCI.Geomatica.2012.SP1 )35 groundwater samples will be collected in a grid form from the survey country for premansoon and postmansoon seasons by following international criterion techniques. Physico-chemical features of land H2O samples will be carried out utilizing modern and sophisticated analytical instruments like Flame Photometer, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, UV-Vissible Spectrophotometer and Titrimetry method.Analysis of the quality of groundwater resources will be made in understanding the rock- H2O interaction, distribution of major and minor elements and impact of pollutants in H2O resources utilizing available criterion package and diagrams.Environmental Impact Assessment of the survey country will be carried out ( Arc GIS10, PCI.Geomatica.2012.SP1, SPSS ) . The advantage of this technique is that it takes into history of all the facets of the environment i.e. ecology, physical/chemical facets and human/social involvement etc, .By sing all the above facets and parametric quantities, hydrogeochemical theoretical account will be proposed ( Arc GIS10 ) . This theoretical account will be much helpful for preservation and better direction and use of the groundwater resources.Result of the research probe:Assess the impact of over development of land H2O and pollution impact on aquifer system and land H2O quality.Suggest remedial steps to minimise the land H2O backdown by following progresss irrigation techniques.Management of H2O resources and used as a theoretical account to follow in other similar countries.Mentions:Armanpour, Sahar- Karami, G- Yakhkoshi, E ( 2007 ) , Study of concentration of heavy and chief metal elements in groundwater resources of Garmabdasht in Gorgan, the first environmental and medical geological conference.Fazel Tavassol, Sajjad –Manshuori, M, 2008, survey on grounds and jobs of aquifer overdraft in Asad Abad Plain in Hamedan, the 4th national conference of geology and environment in Eslamshahr ( in Persian ) .Fazel Tavassol, Sajjad ( 2009 ) , maestro ‘s class thesis, Study of Chahardoly Aquifer Gaseous Reasons and its Environmental impacts, Tehran Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch, P81 to 83 ( in Persian ) .Water Resources Studies Unit of Tehran Regional Water Company ( 2005 ) , study on suggestion for extension of the prohibition in the studied part of Tehran-Karaj.

Japan or China the Most Important Strategic Relationship for Australia Among the Major Asian Powers?

Is Japan or China the most important strategic relationship for Australia among the major Asian powers? By Mej Amran B Mohamad RMAF Malaysian Armed Forces Defence College Haigate Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. 12 Nov 2009 Author can be contacted at : [email  protected] com. au ——————————————————————————————————————— Introduction Australia’s credentials and place in today international system is quite significant which influence greatly her ability to position and formulating herself strategically in the global scenario especially in the Asia Pacific region. As a nation with global interests, Australia deals with many countries in many regions and one of them is in Asian region. Australia undoubtedly and substantially engages hers interests in a wide range of aspects within the framework of the countries within this Asian region. Among the countries which are influential in shaping Australia’s strategic and defense policy within the Asia Pacific ring are China, Japan and South Korea, North Korea and Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) block countries. On the other hand significant Australian interests are also engaged in Australia’s relationships with the other states such as the European Union and its member states, and in the South Pacific, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. However the emerging of China and the influence of Japanese among the major power and largest economies of the Asia-Pacific region has considerably alter the region stability lately. Many new factors and balancing pointers have emerged and its impacts cannot be ignored in shaping Australia strategic relationship and its development of defense policy. Consequently new form of challenges have emerged such as North Korea nuclear proliferation issues and overlapping claimed territory in the South China Sea to mention a few. As such advertently Australia needs to revisit and review back its strategic relationship between the so called major powers in Asia region like China and Japan in order to ensure its effective implementation of strategic environment. Australia essentially need to ensure its security, trading, investment, economic, social partners towards the region continue to uphold and be beneficial to Australia in order to continue sustain and maintain its competitive advantage. Aim The aim of this paper is to examine and to look into some critical aspects of Australia strategic and defense planning policy framework imperatives in order to decide whether China or Japan is the most important strategic relationship for Australia among the major Asian powers. Australia International Relations In its international relations arena, Australia utilizes its assets such as economic, strategic and cultural to uphold its international reputation as a responsible, constructive and practical country. It can be seen that the values which Australia brings to its international relations presently are the values of a liberal democracy greatly influence by her American ally. Australia global politics undoubtedly have been shaped by national experience and given vigour through cultural diversity of the country itself. Some of the important imperatives include the rule of law, the accountability of the government to an elected parliament, freedom of the press and a commitment to a ‘fair go’. Australia ranks eleventh in the world in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. For comparison, Australia's main export destinations[1], 2008 to Japan was 22. 7% 1 and China 15. 6% respectively. Australia's main import sources, 2008 China 14. 6% and from Japan 9%. Australia’s defense capability is seem to be very significant in regional terms. Australia also has a broadly based alliance relationship with the United States, whose strategic engagement and commitment underwrite the stability of East Asia as a whole. Australia Strategic Environment According Senator the Hon Robert Hill Minister for Defense[2] in 2005, he stressed out that providing the capability to defend Australia and Australian interests remains the first responsibility of ruling government. Now lets us look into Australia strategic environment before discussing in depth by delineates the impact of globalization in relation to its strategic perspective. The Impact of Globalisation The world is undeniably experiencing profound and rapid change. While the international world system is dynamic, globalization is accelerating the movement of ideas and technologies and advertently exposing Australia to a new strategic environment framework such as increased the interdependency between countries and made borders more porous, increased of the potency of the terrorist threat, increase the complexity of the potential danger of WMD proliferation[3]. Globalisation has accelerated the trends which have a significant impact on security policy matters, defense capability and decision-making due to increased unpredictability and uncertainty; the technology revolution has led to a diffusion of technology at a faster tempo, particularly in the areas of information and communications; existing of asymmetric threats such as terrorism or WMD have reduced the value of defenses built around geographic advantage; non-state players quite often in some circumstances, constitute a strategic threat such as new form of transnational terrorist organisations, with no state allegiance and new types of weapons and tactics ; and borders as security barriers are now much less effective to mention a few[4]. The interconnectedness of globalisation profoundly have widen and intensify their impacts. Defense Policy In general, Australia’s defense policy response to this environment comprises of two major elements[5]. The first is to shape and build a defense capability that is versatile and adaptable. Australia has and will continue to build a force that is joint, balanced, networked and deployable. Such a force provides options for a credible response wherever Australia’s security interests are engaged. Secondly is to build strong security relationships both globally and regionally. It must be able to lead and have the capacity to contribute to coalitions in region of interest such as the Asia region as per say. Australia’s Security Interests Asia Pacific global issues have significant security implications for Australia. Generally the risk of global conflict diminished considerably with the end of the Cold War, however other potential threats remain. Conflicts in Europe, the Middle East and South Asia regions have the potential to disrupt global security. To address this Australia need to form a strategic partnership with many countries in her global political engagements and of course within Asia Pacific Ring, Japan and China are the most important priority among the Asia regional major powers. Australia’s national security and its economic interests are inextricably linked to the security and stability of the Asia Pacific region. It can be seen that the key components of Australia’s security strategy are maintaining a strong national defense capability, the security alliance with the United States, developing bilateral defense and security relationships with the countries throughout the Asia Pacific, and strengthening multilateral security links in the region, especially with the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). As such by continuously fostering strategic relationship with China and Japan are paramount. Regular bilateral security dialogues with countries in the Asia Pacific, and with key partners beyond the region, provide an opportunity to share views on a wide range of regional and global security issues, promote transparency and reinforce Australia’s commitment to working cooperatively with regional countries on security issues. Australia has increased the number of countries with which it has such dialogues, as part of its long-term strategy of promoting shared security perceptions in the Asia Pa cific region. The ARF for example is an important means of encouraging a sense of strategic community in the region. It complements the central role of bilateral links in dealing with global and regional security issues, and has an important role in encouraging regional support for international regimes against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their missile delivery systems. One of the features of the ARF in 2000 was the participation for the first time of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). On the other hand Australia sees Japan as a strong proponent and strongly supports ASEAN countries economic growth by providing financial aids and assistance in terms of Official Development Aids (ODA) for instance. Subsequently, Australia on the other hand has been very much part of the process of seeking to engage the DPRK more constructively with the regional and international community, including through an exchange of high-level visits. Australia announced the re-establishment of diplomatic relations with the DPRK in May 2000. Australia has made a major contribution to the significant progress in establishing international regimes to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and of missiles. Australia’s future efforts will be concentrated on ensuring that these regimes are implemented and remain effective and, where necessary, are strengthened. Australia is a strong proponent of encouraging adherence to the international regime banning the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel landmines. Australia is committed and relentlessly to adopt practical measures such as landmine clearance, victim assistance and mine clearance technology programs. So after looking inside the Australia needs, now lets us see what has China and Japan share in common and in what ways Australia can benefit more and have the edge by associating herself with the two countries strategically from my perspectives. One thing for sure is that Australia strategic relationships in the Asian region are becoming more complex and continue to evolve. China China’s increasing political and strategic engagement with the Asia-Pacific region with its emerging economic profoundly has many significant impacts on the global economy as well as within the Asia region. Its increasing demand for resources is driving China expansion of economic activity development in the Asia-Pacific region and also emerging as a significant technological centre for region. Hence, China’s importance to Australia grows along with this development accordingly and it cannot be totally ignored. Undoubtedly Australia sees China’s relations with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region are critically important to the maintenance of regional peace, security and stability. According to Jieh-Yung Lo, (2007)[6], Australia’s strategic responses would include China’s relationship with East Asia, placing strong emphasis on the Korean Peninsula. In particular, China’s relations with Japan and the United States play another vital role in shaping the security context for the entire region. It is in Australia’s national interest actively to encourage and support Chinese participation in dialogue and cooperation on regional security issues. As for example during 2000-01 the exchange of high-level visits started by the visit of Chinese President Jiang Zemin to Australia in late 1999 continued, with six Australian ministers and the Deputy Prime Minister visiting China. The investment and trade relationship between Australia and China is very encouraging and expanding. China today is Australia’s third largest merchandise trade partner. New opportunities for Australia are wide open when China’s was accepted entry into the WTO, both in terms of greater market access for Australian goods and services. Thus by encouraging China to integrate further into the global economy and abide by international trade rules, the role China played in advocating regional stability become more pronounce.. Mutual economic and trade interests are increasingly underpinned by the strengthening of broader bilateral ties including cultural, educational, scientific and people-to-people links. With different cultures and traditions, Australia and China do not always share the same view, but regular dialogue and government-to-government exchanges have been established on a range of issues – from human rights to security issues – in a bid to discuss differences of opinion. The one-China policy will continue to be a fundamental element of the bilateral relationship within which Australia pursues important economic and trade interests with Taiwan. The size, competitiveness and pace of growth of the Chinese economy will continue to be a dynamic influence on other Asia-Pacific economies. Hence its strategic influence will continue to grow and need to be carefully weighted by Australia in planning her defense policy in the region. Japan On the other hand Japan arms of influence cannot be simply being ignored. It must not be forgotten and by reminiscing on the past history of the might of Japanese expansion and World War II (WW II) and the remarkable effort of its quick phase to recover and become a developed country later to become the giant world economy just next to United States need not to be considered lightly. As such undoubtedly Japan occupies a vital strategic position in North-East Asia and continues to play a primary economic and political role in Asia Pacific immediate region. So, realizing this, Australia relentlessly works hard to encourage and continue endlessly for close dialogue with Japan on a wide range of political, economic, and strategic issues and the development, to the extent possible, of policies which are mutually reinforcing. Japan continues to be Australia’s major trading partner, accounting for some 16% by value of our total trade (exports plus imports) in 2000. It is a significant investor in Australia and our largest source of in-bound tourism. The Japanese Government is taking more active role in regional and global security. It remains active in the war on terrorism. Japan increased its commitment to other part of the world such as Iraq, both financially and through the deployment of elements of the Japanese Self-Defense Force in non-combat roles. The Japanese Self-Defense contributions to peacekeeping effort are quite positive. On the other hand the strategic relationship with the United States continues to develop through increased interoperability, harmonization of Japanese and US capabilities and cooperation in missile defense. Australia’s partnership with Japan reflects the broad alignment of Australian and Japanese strategic, political and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region. Like Australia, Japan supports the long-term strategic engagement of the United States in the Asia-Pacific region and recognizes the fundamental contribution that it makes to regional stability. Japan also shares our interest in advancing the APEC forum as the primary vehicle for economic cooperation in the Asia Pacific region. The Australia-Japan Conference for the 21st Century was held in Sydney on 29 and 30 April 2001 to chart new directions – strategic, economic, cultural, educational and scientific – for the relationship. The Conference Declaration, ‘The Sydney Declaration for Australia-Japan Creative Partnership’, set out a comprehensive action agenda: to strengthen economic relations, including through a trade and investment facilitation agreement; to expand dialogue and cooperation on security; and to increase people-to-people links. The Prime Minister’s visit to Japan in August 2001 built further on these links. The Factors Shaping Its Development and the Challenges to Be Met To Ensure Its Effective Implementation. In today dynamic environment more quite often the failure of existing international institutions to provide confidence in collective security arrangements has prompted an increasing resort to coalitions-of-the-willing to resolve issues of common concern. As such anticipating and meeting hallenges to Australia’s security remains a demanding task. Some of the crucial factors shaping Australia defense planning in general include the war on terrorism, proliferatio n of nuclear weapons and weapon of mass destruction The war on terrorism continues unabated on many fronts. Successive terrorist attacks in NewYork, Washington, Jakarta, Bali, Madrid, London and elsewhere since 2001 have demonstrated clearly that no country is immune from experiencing the debacle and horrors of non state actor such international terrorism. The threat of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has yet to be defeated as some states still seek to acquire a nuclear weapons capability. Longstanding issues, including those relating to the Middle East, North Korea, Iran and Taiwan, remain the subject of international tension. Many countries, including in the Asia-Pacific region, continue to struggle to create the conditions they need for stable economic and political development. Issues of economic downturn, human trafficking, human migration, drugs smuggling, environmental issues, overlapping claimed, boundary disputes are among current issues that need to be emphasize and handle diplomatically and strategically. These imperatives are among many challenges faced by Australia. Analyse the Strengths and Limitations on Current Australian Policy Australia employs its defence capability as the most potent of the range of instruments in order to promote and support its security interests. Among Australia strength include having a formidable Australian Defence Forces (ADF) which is able to meet all these policy and strategic needs. The ADF is capable of operating as a networked, joint force across information, air, land and maritime domains. It also has the capability to operate in environments that are complex and ambiguous, and where adversaries, including non-state adversaries, have increasingly lethal capabilities. Through continuing modernization, it needs to retain capability edge over potential rivals by having the elements of versatility[7]. robustness[8], jointness[9] and integration[10]. At all times it must maintain high levels of preparedness as demonstrated by ADF personnel whom have been deployed in many operations, including those in East Timor, Bougainville, Afghanistan, the Middle East and Iraq, the Solomon Islands, and the Sudan to mention a few. Several of these operations have been concurrent. On the other hand, there have been continuing border security tasks, natural disaster relief operations and contributions to long-running UN peacekeeping or peace-monitoring operations in the Sinai and elsewhere in the Middle East. Other role includes supporting domestic security operations such as those for the Olympic Games and the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. Some of the constraints include growing cost pressures on the defense budget. This consequently affects the rising cost of ‘state of the art’ military equipment, particularly capabilities essential for the ADF’s capacity to develop and operate as a superior networked force. The other aspects is the recruitment and retention of an evermore technically capable force amidst of a strong and growing economy, will surely become more challenging Thirdly is to ensure the most efficient use of resources posses a significant challenge to the ADF. Australia Strategic Alliance Priority to Chinese or Japan Australia security accord with Japan has been greeted with much controversy over Australia's actions and intentions of containing China. These two Asian major powers have brought back the shadows of â€Å"Cold War† language of fundamental power relations and strategic competition within the Asia region. However rivalry could be restricted to peaceful economic competition for economic resources. According to Jieh-Yung Lo[11] (2007) China and Japan produce an environment of bi-polar Asia and putting Australia with the dilemma of balancing its national interests in the face of this strategic competition. All this while Japan has become a long time trusted partners in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan and Australia share a common interest in regional stability and prosperity. And today, Australia and Japan enjoy one of the most significant economic and strategic partnerships in Asia. As can be seen in July 2003 besides the latest security accord, Australia and Japan concluded a Trade and Economic Framework to set directions for the future development of the bilateral trade relationship. On the contrary Australia recognizes that both China and Japan are important to its foreign policy and defense policy in the region and shares a growing and thriving relationship with China and on the other side of the coin have a stable relationship with Japan. Australia is very clear where its interests lie and tends to see economics and security as separate issues. It welcomes China's growth, but believes that Japan and the United States should remain influential players in regional affairs. 12] Conclusion From the discussion above it can be seen that it is essential for Australia to form up a formidable defense planning which must provide for both the needs of the present and the possibilities of the future into the uncharted territory. In my opinion thus Australia strategic a lliance with Japan is most crucial and prioritized compare to with China. It is based on many elements of shared values and interests between Japan and Australia. I cogently believed the relationship will still remain the cornerstone of Australia strategic partnership in order to foster and enhance further regional security and stability in the Asian region. Bear in mind that a country’s effectiveness and influence in international affairs is determined by a combination of tangible and intangible factors including its reputation, its geographic size and population, the size and success of its economy, its strategic culture and its defense capability. I can foresee that Australia will continue to work to support the Asia-Pacific region in addressing threats of terrorism, weapons proliferation and the challenge of failing states. In an ever more inter-related world, threats to our neighbours are threats to us among which include the threat of proliferation of WMD within the region and in supporting fragile and vulnerable states. Whether fighting terrorism, piracy, transnational crime, international drug syndicates or people smugglers, effective defense policy remains a key tool of the Australian Government. As such it is importantly and uniquely for Australia to form up a smart partnership and strategic alliance with another countries in this case among one of the major powers in Asia region the most important is Japan if compare to China. In building war fighting capacity to respond to possible future threats, undoubtedly the right defense policy framework will still remains the primary instrument of the Australian Government and will therefore continue to have a central role to play in protecting and assuring Australia’s national goals of a peaceful, stable and increasingly prosperous region. However China as an emerging economic power with it renowned of its military might of course also play a vital role in destabilize the East Asian region and have great influence on the North Koreas and its proliferation nuclear issues cannot be totally ignored. I strongly believe that that a good ongoing relationship with Australia-China is still very useful and Australia need to diligently and willingly maintain a role in influencing China to a certain extent. There is evident in Australia's growing economic and political relationship with China in terms of trade and regional affairs. I also believe that strategic competition between China and Japan will continue to be dominant factors and shape the security and future stability in the region. On present trends, I believe China has reasons to be confidence. Bibliography Books Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific century: Force 2030. Canberra, ACT : Dept. of Defense (2009) Dibb, Paul. 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(2006) Japan and Australia: potential for an effective strategic partnership. Gaiko Forum, Vol. 6, no. 2, Summer, pp. 12-21. Sato, Yoichiro. (2008) Japan-Australia security cooperation: jointly cultivating the trust of the community. Asian Affairs, an American Review, Vol. 35, no. 3, Fall (Available via Proquest) Snyder, Craig A. (2006) Southeast Asian perceptions of Australia’s foreign policy. Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 322-340. Taylor, Nicholas. (2007) China as a status quo or revisionist power: implications for Australia. Security Challenges, Vol. 3, no. 1, February, pp. 29-45 Terada, Takashi. (2006) Thirty years of the Australia-Japan partnership in Asian regionalism: evolution and future directions. Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 60, no. 4, December, pp. 536-551. Tow, William T. (2008) Asia’s competitive ‘strategic geometries’: the Australian perspective. Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 30, no. 1, pp. Walton, David. 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RSIS Commentaries, 24 April 09 http://www3. ntu. edu. sg/rsis/publications/Perspective/RSIS0402009. pdf Australia's bilateral relationships can be found at http://www. dfat. gov. au/geo/fs Specific trade and investment information see http://www. dfat. gov. au/ And http://www. tradewatch. dfat. gov. au East Asian Analytical Unit http://www. dfat. gov. u/publications/catalogue/pub_bycountry. html DFAT statistical publications see http://www. dfat. gov. au/publications/index. html Australia's international treaty commitments http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/other/dfat Australia's human rights policy e http://www. dfat. gov. au/hr Australia’s international environmental activities http://www. dfat. gov. au/environment Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), http://www. ausaid. gov. au. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, http://www. aciar. gov. au Australian Safeguards and Non-proliferation Office, http://www. asno. dfat. gov. au Australian Trade Commission (Austrade), http://www. austrade. ov. au Export Finance and Insurance Corporation (EFIC), http://www. efic. gov. au/ ———————– [1] Fact Sheet, Market Information and Research Section, DFAT, http://www. dfat. gov. au/geo/fs (dated 4 Sept 09) [2] Australia’s National Security, A Defence Update 2005, Australia Department Of Defense , pp. v [3] Ibid pp. 5 [4] Ibid pp. 2-4 [5] Ibid pp 12 [6] Jieh-Yung Lo, (2007), Article on China v Japan: implications for Australia? Dated 4 Dec 2007 [7] Versatility represents the capacity to perform a range of different roles, often concurrently. Aust ralia’s National Security, A Defense Update 2005, Australia Department Of Defense pp. 9 [8] Robustness is indicated by depth in resources and personnel and is an essential quality if the ADF is to retain the ability to sustain operations for lengthy periods. Ibid pp. 20 [9] Jointnes refers to responds to the challenge of ensuring that all service elements operate together in ways that make a truly joint force. Ibid pp. 20 [10] Integration represents the ability to network weapons platforms and capabilities to strengthen their effectiveness as part of a whole force. Ibid pp. 20 [11] Jieh-Yung Lo, (2007), Article on China v Japan: implications for Australia? Dated 4 Dec 2007. [12] Jieh-Yung Lo, (2007), Article on China v Japan: implications for Australia? Dated 4 Dec 2007

Art of war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art of war - Essay Example I chose this quote because I understand the important role played by human labor in accomplishing any activity. This quote is relevant because people are the most important resource that any organization or company can have. Regardless of the nature of the organization or the type of activity being undertaken, the human resource is very important. Unfortunately, not all organizations or companies reward their people for the efforts they put in. This quote therefore helps us understand and appreciate the important role played by people in an organization or company. In the workplace setting, this quote can cause the management to come up with reward programs for their employees. In order to get the best of employees, organizations need to reward them for the work performed. Through this quote, managers can be made to understand the importance of keeping a motivated workforce as a recipe for success. For example, a company may come up with a policy of taking its employees for holiday every month as an appreciation for their efforts. Regardless of the reward programs adopted, this quote can cause senior management to rethink of how it treats its

Programming MS Excel to freeze panes Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Programming MS Excel to freeze panes - Article Example The same applies to when applying to more than one column. However, to implement freezing panes on the first column, you choose the first column under the freeze submenu. After using the freeze panes, in either case, you remove by selecting unfreeze panes. The purpose of using freezing panes is to maintain your track on cells, and rows or columns of data that you feel are vital when making navigations through the worksheet. Further, it is very vital when working with an extreme number of rows and columns. It is so because irrespective of where you are scrolling, the headings will always be visible thus making it easier to relate where the data belongs. The user is said to remain in perspective with the data concerned. Freezing panes differs from the views in the database. First, freezing panes aims to keep a section of the worksheet visible i.e. keep its state constant to allow the user to relate to other parts of the worksheet especially when there are many columns and rows involved. Views, on the other hand, retrieve information from data store that meets the particular criterion. In essence, database views are more flexible (Lightstone, Teorey & Nadeau, 2007). The results it can return is custom to users needs and covers a wider scope as compared to freezing panes in Excel that has a predefined way of using it. Further, freezing panes is strictly restricted to navigation where some section is mobile while the others are constant whereas views deal with

Decreasing the Prevalence of Drunk Driving Essay

Decreasing the Prevalence of Drunk Driving - Essay Example The prevalence of drinking is seen to be highest in young adults due to the fact that they lack much experience on the road, and inappropriate consumption of alcohol impairs their driving skills. Therefore, the following program of reducing driving under the influence will be beneficial to the young age groups. This program will provide a check and balance that will help to reduce the amount of injuries or death on the road. This program has three subsections namely: the extended use of interlocks, increasing the use of sobriety check points and maintaining of a minimum drinking age of 21 years. The use of ignition interlocks was to prevent drivers who have their blood alcohol concentration was above a specified level from starting their cars. The interlocks consisted of an alcohol detector that was tamper proof and a system to reset the driver periodically to test for sobriety. This is a precaution that been in effect for quite some time. By 2011, 49 states had enacted a law that pe rmit the use of interlocks for some of the offender that were caught driving under the influence of alcohol (Breind 45). A study carried concluded that all those drivers convicted with drunk driving have drastically reduced after their vehicles were fitted with ignition interlocks. A lot of live have also been saved in the process. A survey has shown that this strategy is highly efficient in preventing the re arrest for drunk driving and has subsequently reduced incidents of accidents. Sobriety checkpoints are road blocks that the law enforcers have put to stop cars on a systematic basis in order to spot drivers who are driving under the influence

Amazon Versus Borders Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Amazon Versus Borders - Research Paper Example However, the winds of change, increased competition, effect of poor investment decisions and other factors hit hard in 2007 when the company begun selling off its international subsidiaries and company stocks fell to a six-year-low of $12.28 per share (Bomey, 2011). Borders never recovered and spiraled to its liquidation in July 2011. Amazon was started in 1995 by Jeff Bezos in a two-car garage in Bellevue, Washington. In May 15, 1997 Amazon.com went public (Amazon.com, 2012a). By end of 1998, the company had opened music and DVD stores and launched international sites in Germany and the UK. in 1999, due the company’s phenomenal growth that saw it include numerous services such as zShops, auctions and an array of products from electronics to toys to home improvement, the founder and CEO, Jeff Bezos was named TIME Magazine â€Å"Person Of The Year†. Amazon launched Web Services in 2002, the kindle in 2007 and by 2008 it had over 76 million active customers’ ac counts and order fulfillment to more than 200 countries. An interesting fact is that whereas it took Wal-Mart 20 years to realize annual revenues of over US $5 billion, Amazon achieved this feat in 8 years (Amazon.com, 2012b; Chaffey, 2012). Amazon has moved from selling only online books to selling a wide array of products and services. Even though both Borders and Amazon were founded with their core activity being the sale of books, the former chose to focus in its earlier products whereas the latter kept adding two new product categories for almost every year of its existence. However, it is neither the product focus of Borders nor Amazon’s diversified product base that explains there very different fortunes. Of course, one of the more obvious factors that led to the demise of Borders and the rise of Amazon was their management’s approach towards the Internet as a sales outlet as well as a tool for marketing, branding and growth. According to Evans (2011), Borde rs greatest failed to adequately address the internet sales channel and worse still they opted to outsource what in retrospect turned out to be a game changer in the book selling industry. We however, think it not fair to judge Borders managers so quickly without a deeper understanding of how organizations make strategic change. To begin with, much of the disruptive change to the book retail and publishing industry took place between the mid-1990s to the early 2000s. This implies that whereas Amazon was getting born within this disruptive environment, Borders had already been in operation for two decades. Borders therefore had already within it an engrained culture which dictated how it operated. According to Johnson (1992) managers respond to situation in ways which are in line with the paradigm and the cultural, social and political norms of their organizational life. This way one could argue that while the industry was undergoing a major change, Borders managers did that which is natural for managers in any organization to do, which is to deal with the situation in terms of their existing paradigm. On the other hand, having been founded in such a disruptive environment, Amazon adopted the culture of a learning organization right from the outset. Thus we believe the first reason why Borders, although

Business Entities, Laws, and Regulations Research Paper - 1

Business Entities, Laws, and Regulations - Research Paper Example Lou and Jose have planned to open a sports bar and restaurant, but they seem to have insufficient funds to support their business plan. Miriam, an investor, wants to provide capital to start the business on a partnership basis but has no time to participate in the day to day affairs of business. Lou and Jose have the option of either to accept the proposal of Miriam or to take loans from other institutions as they are short of fund. It can be stated in this respect that it will be profitable for Lou and Jose to accept the proposal of Miriam which would facilitate the sufficiency of the fund in return of a certain percentage of ownership, thus reducing the debt as well as interest rate risks. However, it is worth mentioning that prior to launching a business as a partnership concern, legal agreements should be signed explicitly documenting the rights and liabilities of each member. The other most important criteria in the bar and restaurant business are to acquire the license to serve alcoholic beverages to the customers. In addition to the alcohol supplying license, the entity should also acquire entertainment license from the local government which includes the permit to broadcast sporting shows on large television screens along with facilitating live amusement activities and dance performances. Since the business requires heavy investment in furniture, dà ©cors, and other types of equipment, necessary investments should be made in terms of insurances so as to avoid any risk related to these factors.

Business idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business idea - Essay Example Parents are the primary customers since they shall be giving the orders, remitting the payments, and providing the specifications that the company is required to meet, although target for the services offered are the children to be served in their schools. The target population is expected to grow at a rate of 1.7% per annum, and consists of 18.2% of the total population stratified on the basis of age. The social benefit provided by the firm is the chance it affords parents and schools to prevent the rise of childhood obesity by making healthier choices for their children’s food. Technological advances enable the firm to acquire orders and specification is a speedy and systematic way, which in turn helps the company to plan ahead and minimize wastage while maximizing customer satisfaction. Distribution and logistics are vital to the business because of the need to avoid spoilage and ensure the customer gets his/her order on time and in top condition. The firm’s financial forecasts show it to be highly tenable, and the needed capital may be raised by equity financing and bank loans. The business concept proposes to provide healthy cafeteria and canteen foods for schoolchildren within their school. The idea of providing for a healthy cafeteria food service for the larger schools, and canteen services for smaller schools, came from an insight developed from ‘Serious Eats,’ from a periodically updated website on the Internet which monitors school lunches in Australia (Serious Eats, 2013). According to the article, lunch cafeterias are few in Australia, and there are places where none exist. There are canteens where children can buy what they want from the menu choices each day. Where these facilities exist, however, the price is expensive (AUD 6 for small containers of the hot foods). 2.2 Service concept: The service extends to the parents who have contact with the lunch provider

Jesus Christ Teachings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jesus Christ Teachings - Essay Example But I have never hated anyone for a long period of time. I am a human being who like everyone has weaknesses. If I find someone being rude to me without any reason or showing hostility with no apparent cause, I experience an instantaneous rise of hatred in me. But after some time I am able to overcome it. There are many reasons for me believing in the teaching of forgiveness. I have come across so many researchers in the field of medicine which suggests that emotions such as hatred, depression, self-pity, and hostility are extremely destructive to one’s body. The root of many such abnormalities is being unforgiving. An anger which arises instantaneously isn’t harmful but holding grudges and seeking revenge is something which destroys one’s peace of mind. Peace of mind is inextricably linked to the well-being of the body. When the mind is happy and peaceful, the body undergoes a healing process. The nerves get their proper rest, breathing is harmonious and hormonal balance is perfect. On the contrary unforgiving nature leads to resentment, grudges and other destructive emotions which harm the body. There was an event in my life where I had a fight with one of my friends. It wasn’t a physical scuffle but a verbal spat. Our friendship hit rock bottom and we didn’t speak to each other for many months. But even after the fight and being of the opinion that the fault was his, I never held any animosity against him. He, on the other hand, did not forgive me. He began to devise schemes about bringing me down or humiliating me. But I could see that he had lost his peace of mind and all his tricks were causing harm to him. He started to lose other friends also because of his this attitude. After a few months, I persuaded him to come out of his hatred and become friends with me again.  

Urban Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Urban Education - Essay Example Teachers are central to the excellence of students. There are no poor students, there are bad teachers. A good teacher is able to see the potential of every student and help develop that potential. A good teacher considers intellectual, physical, emotional, social and spiritual dimensions of students’ human experience, enhancing students’ social interactions and belief in democracy and other ideas of the US. A good teacher is always a leader. Such a professional becomes a caring mother (or father) for his students, creating comfortable and favorable conditions for the development of each of them. He effectively communicates with parents and community and inspires colleagues to be flexible, to recognize talents and hidden resources of their students and adopt an individual approach. A teacher should be a leader able to encourage others to be creative. Such a leader can organize a thoughtful change process in his school, facing everybody’s needs and aims. A teacher who is a leader educates through all his life, influencing his students, colleagues, parents, and community. As we can see the reforms are to take place not in the sphere of urban education, but in the minds of educators themselves. Then one sees wonders of urban education when students from the poorest districts show results much better than those from prestigious schools when students become valuable citizens and realized personalities. There has always been needed in teachers–leaders, able to inspire and educate others. The fact is that that the profession has always been undervalued. Teachers are underpaid. They are not listened to even in cases when decisions directly concern their needs and work.  

Fiscal and Physical Planning of Vocational Essay Example for Free

Fiscal and Physical Planning of Vocational Essay Introduction Education generally is planned to develop the people in a society, In essence proper steps should be taken in the planning process. Nuhu (2007) sees vocational and technical education as that education, concerned with the acquisition of practical and applied skills, as well as basic scientific knowledge. It is only therefore a planned programme of theory and practical learning experiences that will guarantee acquisition of basic academic and life skills, achievement of high academic standards, leadership and preparation for industry-defined work. In any organization, planning competence is required in setting goals, developing strategies and outlining tax schedules to facilitate accomplishment of such goals. Planning is the process of organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. It is basically concerned with the organization of men, money and materials (3M), which are one of the major functions of the top management, for without effective planning, a waste of time and resources is possible. It is also necessary to note therefore, that information is the key to planning and the need for adequate and timely information cannot be over emphasized. One of the major philosophies of education in Nigeria is based on the integration of the individual into a sound and effective citizen, this and most of the national educational aims and objectives can only be achieved through a properly planned vocational and technical education. Planning of vocational and technical education is basically to enhance human dignity and enthrone work and labor by making individuals acquire and develop enough saleable and employable skills, competencies, attitudes as well as knowledge to enable them gain and maintain basic employment or self-reliance for a comfortable living. The Nigerian dream of building a truly egalitarian society can only be achieved through the effective use of vocational and technical education because it offers life-long education to all types of learners and enable them realize and develop their self-potentials maximally. In planning vocational and technical education, we decide in advance, what to be done, when, where, how and by whom it is to be done. It also entails working out before hand, how to achieve or accomplish the objectives of vocational and technical education, stated in the National policy on education (2004). Which includes:- 1. Providing trained manpower in applied sciences, technology and business. 2. Providing the technical knowledge and vocational skills necessary for agricultural, commercial and economic development. 3. Giving training and imparting necessary skills to individual who shall be self reliant economically. 4. Providing maximum options for learners to advance or branch out into gainful employment. 5. Making education concrete and understandable while general education should point out the vocational implication of all educational experiences. 6. Providing pre-vocational orientation to students into the world of work. 7. Developing attitudes, basic educative skills and habits appropriate for work. 8. Satisfying the demands of the society that is technology-oriented and the needs of man for liberalizing experience in his educational growth and similar undertakings. 9. Providing professionals who can apply scientific knowledge to the improvement and solution of environmental problems for the use and convenience of man. 10. To give an introduction to professional studies in other technological field. 11. Enabling our young men and women to have intelligent understanding of the increasing complexity of technology. And in pursuance of these set goals and objectives of vocational and technical education, the main features of the curricular shall be structured in both theory and practical learning experiences. The curriculum shall consist of five components, which are:- 1. General education 2. Theory and related courses 3. Workshop practice 4. Industrial training 5. Small business management For effective participation of students in practical work, the teacher-student ratio shall be kept at 1:20, and trainees completing vocational and technical education programmes shall have this three options and more:- a. To secure employment b. To set up their own business c. Pursue further education Without finance, the above objectives cannot be achieve, hence fiscal planning is the life wire of vocational and technical education Fiscal planning of vocational and technical education It refers to the most appropriate way to access finances (money) and determine the best course of action to take (budgeting) for future benefits. Fiscal planning of vocational and technical education means deciding in advance, how funds will be sourced and allocated to each of the areas in vocational and technical education. This is a major function of the government, budget committee on education and educational administrators. It goes further to answers such questions such as:- 1. What are the sources of funding VTE? 2. How much fund is available? 3. Which areas should fund be allocated? 4. Why will such funds be allocated? What are the sources of funding VTE? VTE just like general education have specific sources of funding which include:- 1. Government allocation 2. Internally generated revenue (IGR) 3. Education trust/tax fund. 4. International aid from world bank and developed countries 5. Non-governmental agencies (NGO) and more. How much fund is available? While the allocation to education tops those of other sectors in Nigeria’s 2013 budget proposal presented to the joint session of the National Assembly on the 10th of October 2012 by President Jonathan, the amount is still far below the standard set by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The proposed allocation of N426 billion to the sector takes only 8. 7percent of the proposed total national budget of N4. 9 trillion, whereas the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), actually recommended for allocation of 26percent to the sector which is very vital to national development (Education) and VTE being very capital intensive requires more funding. So the question of how much fund is available will depend on how rich is the country in focus, and how much is allocated to education sector in general. Which areas should fund be allocated? This may have to deal with a simple analysis of human and material resources that will be needed to run the various VTE programmes such as business education, technical education, agric and home economics education. Why will such funds be allocated? Funds should be made available to run VTE so as to achieve the aforementioned goals and in the long run achieve the national objectives of Nigeria and they include the building of:- 1. A free and democratic society. 2. A just and egalitarian society. 3. A united, strong and self reliant nation. 4. A great and dynamic economy. 5. A land of bright and full opportunities for all citizens. Physical planning of VTE Physical planning entails the organization of land and infrastructure use, while emphasizing the need for providing a balanced economic development and conserving resources. There is a relationship between the fiscal and physical planning of VTE, as there can be no human and material presence without a good financial budget. The physical planning of VTE relates to land and material aspects in the planning process, and organizing human and material resources for effective operations of vocation and technical education. This plan involves the following:- 1. A topographical survey on existing VTE schools. 2. Preparing architectural designs and drawings 3. Ensuring supervision of construction and rehabilitation work. 4. Provision of preventive maintenance facilities. 5. Designing laboratory for VTE workshop for practical learning. 6. Ensuring proper ventilation in classrooms and workshop. 7. Provision of appropriate office and class room furniture. 8. Ensuring availability of capable professionals in the various VTE programmes. Budgeting techniques in planning VTE Budgetary processes constitute the primary mechanism for planning and controlling educational activities. Budgets have been defined in various ways by managers and school administrators because organizations are always functioning by monitoring the flow of money in order to attain its set goals and objectives. Knezevich (1975) defined budgeting as a financial or quantitative statement that has been prepared and approved prior to a defined period of time. This statement includes policy to be pursued during the period for the attainment of objectives  However, it is pertinent to state that education budget is a financial blue print for the operation of the educational sector for the fiscal year. Types of budgeting 1. Line – Item Budgeting-: This is the traditional technique of budgeting which lists items on a purely object basis. It is also referred to as object of expenditure budget. This type of budgeting classifies expenditure on the basis of articles or items purchased. It refers to the grouping of expenditure into categories such as administrative staff salaries, academic staff salaries, supplies and materials, repairs and maintenance and so on. 2. Performance Budget-: It is an improvement on traditional budgeting because it emphasis the use of brief explanations to support each item of expenditure. In this type of budget, one does not budget for money but one budget for the objective to be achieved. Moreover, Calden and Wildaryshy (1974) remarked that performance budgeting allow transactions to be identified by general purpose in order to distinguish between expenditures which contribute tp development and those which do not. 3. Functional budgeting-: This technique of budgeting simply explains the budget according to the head which it is expected to meet. Ebhomien (1984) stated that the demerit of this type of budgeting includes the fact that objectives of such budgets are not always clearly stated because they are usually broadly defined. This form of budgeting does not give room for full accountability as it makes it difficult for someone to know how every little bit of the fund allocated is spent. Caffarella Model of Programmme Planning Cafferalla Program Planning Model Caffarella listed 12 steps to be considered in programme planning. The 12 steps are: †¢Discerning the context †¢Building a solid base of support †¢Identifying programme ideas. †¢Sorting and prioritizing programme ideas †¢Developing programme objectives †¢Designing instructional plans †¢Devising transfer-of-learning plans †¢Formulating evaluation plans †¢Making recommendations and communicating results †¢Selecting formats, schedules and staff needs †¢Preparing budgets and marketing plans †¢Coordinating facilities and on-site events Caffarella presents the model as a circle where all 12 steps point toward the center circle, called the Interactive Model of Programme Planning, indicating that the process is non-sequential. The program planner can begin the process at any one of the 12 steps, and does not need to work around the circle but rather each step is a reminder of important tasks to be completed during the process. How fiscal and physical planning has contributed to the growth of VTE 1. There is improved awareness and acceptance of vocational and technical education. 2. It has provided a basis for timely decision making. 3. There is more intervention in the area of infrastructure. For example, the new VTE workshop in our school. (UNIBEN) 4. It has promoted more effective and efficient utilization of available resources. 5. It has ensured continuity of vocational and technical education in our various institutions. Factors to consider before planning vocational and technical education Initial assessment of existing VTE system:- It will be necessary to first assess the existing VTE system capacity, including funding levels and budget utilization, strengths, weaknesses and deficiencies before embarking on a large-scale system reform or expansion strategy. There is therefore the need to conduct specific baseline studies that also explore the existing links with the other levels of education and national labor policies. Linkage with other sectors of the national economy:- There should be specification in clears terms between VTE and other sectors of the national economy in order to effectively link the VTE strategy to other national strategies and policies in the area of education and training, employment, and socio-economic development. Linkage with regional and international policies:- How does the national VTE strategy dovetail into existing regional and international education and training policy frameworks and protocols? National VTE strategies should take into account the education and training protocols of regional groupings like The Economic Community Of West African States (ECOWAS), Southern African Development Community (SADC), and The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and also other acknowledged international agencies involved in education and skills training, such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), American Dental Education Association (ADEA) and The International Labor Organization (ILO). Linkage with the world of work:- Since the ultimate objective of VTE is employability and employment promotion, it is necessary to link training to the needs of the labor market. VTE must be relevant and demand-driven, rather than supply-driven and a stand-alone activity. In order to do this, data is required on the actual employability of VTE graduates, available job opportunities, and the evolving skills demands on the labor front. Determining the demand for skills is best achieved through country specific Labor Market Information Systems (LMIS) and other survey instruments. Instructor training and professionalization of VTE staff:- The professional competence of vocational and technical education teachers is crucial to the successful implementation of any VTE strategy. Governments should therefore make conscious efforts, not only to train but also to retain teachers in the program. REFERENCES Adaralegbe, A. (2001). A Philosophy of Nigerian Education. Ibadan: Heinemann. Ahubaka, I. (1996). The Role of Science and Technology in National Development. Caffarella, R. S. (2001). Planning programs for adult learners: A practical guide for educators, trainers, and staff developers (2 ed. ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc Ekpenyong, L. E. (1992). â€Å"Business Teacher Education in Nigeria Prospects and Challenges for the 21st Century. Ekpenyong, L. E. Nwabuisi, J. N. (2001). Curriculum and Human Resource Development issues in Business Education. Ekpenyong, L. E. (2005). Foundations of Technical and Vocational Education. Benin City: Supreme Ideal Publishers Int. Ltd. Evans, R. (1982). Why Vocational Education belong in the Comprehensive High Education. Journal of American Vocational Association. 57 (6). Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004). â€Å"National Policy on Education† (4th Ed) Yaba. NERDC press. Ile, C. M. , Asoegwu, M. N. N. Chukwugbo, G. C. (2005). â€Å"Essentials of Vocational Education and Technical Education for beginners†. Awka: Marpat Educational Research and Publishers. Miller J. V. and Vetter L. (1996). â€Å"Vocational Guidance for Equal Access and Opportunity for Girls and Women in Technical and Vocational Education†. Paris. UNESCO. Ogwo, B. A and Oranu, R. N. (2006). â€Å"Methodology in Formal and Non Formal Technical/Vocational Education†. Enugu: Ijejas Printers Publishers Company. Olairan, S. 0. (1990). Vocational and Technical Education: Issues and Analysis. Onitsha: Nobel Graphic Press. Osuala, E. C. (1995). Functions of Vocational Education. Nsukka: Falladu Publishing Company. www. africa-union. org/strategy-to-revitalize-technical-and-vocational-education-and-training-in-africa www. businessdayonline. com/NG/index. php/component/content/article/366-business-shool/46337-2013-budget-educations-allocation-still-far-below-unescos-stipulat.

Personality traits Emotional Labor

Personality traits Emotional Labor Emotions are a natural part of an individuals makeup and their management is a routine task. Emotions are best judged in the workplace which is considered as the rational environment for individuals (A. Grandy, 2000). In past emotions were totally ignored as a study of behavior (Arvey, Renz, Watson, 1998; Putnam Mumby, 1993). Research findings have proved that management of workplace emotions are a good predictor of individual as well as organizational outcomes. But the gap lies how organization and personal characteristics are related to managing emotions. One of the terms used for managing fake emotions at job for a particular amount is termed as emotional labor (Hochschild, 1983). The focus of the present article is to find an exact relationship between individual characteristics (personality and the need for achievement) with emotional labor. Grandey (2000) has defined emotional labor as the process of regulating both feelings and expressions for organizational goals (p. 97). In lay man term it is basically defined as artificial or displayed emotions that employee may not privately feel (Ekman Friesen, 1975; Goffman, 1959; Hochschild, 1983; James 1989). Qualitative research shows that all employees find their true feelings do not always conform to their roles (Ashforth Toumiuk, 2000). As feelings do not erupt spontaneously or automatically employees modify their display of emotions either by deep acting or by surface acting (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993; Hochschild, 1979, 2003). Both deep acting and surface acting represent different intentions. When engaged in deep acting, an actor attempts to modify feelings to match the required display rules whereas in surface acting employees modify their displays without shaping inner feelings (Ashforth Humprey, 1993; Hochschild, 2003). Increased competition between service providers has forced organizations to give attention to quality of service, which is directly proportional to employee interaction with customers (Bowen Schneider, 1988). For example an air hostess has to greet with smile each and every passenger on board in order to provide quality customer service regardless of her bad mood, family problems, responsibilities etc. Research findings have proved certain antecedents of emotional labor (surface acting deep acting) which are Social Factors; Hochschild (1979) argued that individuals may learn to feel according to the situation cues. Secondly Occupational Factors; the display of positive emotions is required in many service occupations, including restaurant workers and flight attendants. Funeral directors in contrast are required to display negative emotions (i.e. sadness). Some job requires display of neutrality i.e. those of the judges (Rafaeli Sutton, 1987). Finally Organizational Factors; The service employees represent the organization to the public. Therefore organizations have vested interest being managed well by the service employee. Thus, organizations increasingly offer display rules for the employees. Several researches state that individuals regulate their emotions according to situations in which they are able to create emotion ((Freud, 1936/1961; Frijda, 1986). This regulation of emotions mainly results in job burnout, stress, dissatisfaction and other negative job outcomes as proposed by Hochschild (1983) and others. But these outcomes and emotion regulation are somewhat subjected to different personality traits which is not studied in past. The current study extends the research in two ways. First we examine one of the most critical variables i.e. personality dimensions to see how extraverted, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness and neurotic (Costa McRae, 1992; Goldberg, 1992) individuals will regulate their emotions in a certain situation, whether they tend to behave as a deep actor or surface actor. Secondly we will see how need for achievement which is the need of an individual to accomplish significant task, will define persons display of emotions at job. Literature Review Understanding the concept of emotional labor is very important as it might affect the employees in certain ways which can either be useful or useless. As the research has already proven that the emotional labor excites pressures for the person to recognize with their service roles (Black E. Ashforth; Ronald H.humphery, 1993). Emotional labor is an invisible mask that the employees have to wear as the job requirement. But this display of emotions is totally dependant on the personality of the employees. Personality is defined as a mix of persons psychological as well as biological traits that makes him unique from others and persists over a certain period of time (Phares, 1991: 4). Each personality trait has its own depth and significance some of them are determined by birth and some are determined by situational factors ( Cattell, 1950). Emotional labor is basically related to the situational side of personality. Five broad dimensions of personality have been identified by analyzing, observing, seeking responses from thousands of people. These five factors are independent variables, and are studied with many other factors such as job performance, org commitment, job burnout, positive negative affectivity (Costa McCrae 1980), job stress, emotional intelligence, emotional expressions, self efficacy, self esteem and many more. Dimensions include; Neuroticism which is basically how much a person has control over his/her emotions? It can be high or low. People with low levels of neuroticism are confident, secure and calm which indicate emotional stability whereas high levels of neuroticism increase the probability of occurring negative emotions like stress, burnout, dissatisfaction etc. Persons with high levels of neuroticism are reactive and more easily troubled by stimuli in their environment. They are prone to moodiness. Persons having strong control over emotions on the other hand need strong stimuli to be aggravated (Howard Howard, 1995). Person with high neu roticism are not at all psychologically defected. A more proper term could be negative affectivity or nervousness (McCrae John, 1992). Extraversion, extraverts tend to be more physically and verbally active. They are gregarious, outgoing, assertive and high spirited. As they have excellent social skills they are best at jobs which require interaction. In contrast introverts may be described as quiet, reserved, shy and unsociable ( Costa McCrae, 1992: 49). Openness to experience is a measure of how much a person is creative and thinks out of the box. People with a high openness to experience have broad interests, are liberal, curious and are artistically sensitive whereas people with low openness to experience are predictable, conservative and prefer familiarity (Howard Howard, 1995). The agreeableness scale is linked to compassionate, self-sacrifice, trust, eager to cooperate, caring versus competitiveness, aggression, indifference, self-centeredness, unkindness and envy (Howard Howard, 1995). People who rate high on agreeableness are more compliant, rule abiding and interpersonally strong and are best fitted at jobs which require interaction for e.g. customer service. So their relation with emotions seems to be positive due to their social skills. Conscientiousness determines goal-directed actions and amount of control over desires. The more conscientious a person is the more responsive, well organized, dependable and persistent he is (Costa McCrae, 1992: 49), they have high standards and always strive hard to achieve goals. The personality traits which are not included in the above model may also serve as the basis for investigation of their relation with emotional labor for example in the present article we have taken; apart from the big five model a personality trait called the need for achievement. This is defined as the drive to excel, and strive to succeed. People who rate high on this need are more likely to set high challenging goals and as they are personally responsible so they are not good at managerial jobs instead entrepreneurial activities suit them the most. So regulation of emotions seems a difficult task for these people because they dont rely on others and does what they think is perfect. Figure: Theoretical framework conceptualizing personality traits with emotional labor. Deep Acting (felt expressions): Two of the dimensions of big five model, extraversion neuroticism are consistently linked with emotions and are expected to be positively related with felt expressions. Extraversion is related to positive affectivity which influences positive moods and more rewarding interpersonal relationships due to their strong social skills. In contrast neuroticism is totally opposite which is related to negative affectivity which influences negative moods and pessimistic approach. Costa McCrae (1980) found that extraversion relates to pleasant affect and neuroticism relates to unpleasant affect. Several studies support the relation between extraversion and neuroticism with emotions and different mood states. First, extraverts and neurotics have been found to react differently to a similar stimulus (Grey 1981), for example an extravert will behave positive when exposed to a stimuli due to positive affectivity whereas a neurotic person will develop negative behavi or when exposed to the similar stimuli due to its negative affectivity. Secondly extravert and neurotic persons have different affective experiences when encounter a certain situation. Now this theoretical link between emotional state and the two FFM personality dimensions predict that there might be a relation of these traits with deep acting (felt expressions). Hypothesis 1: Extraversion will be positively related to expressing felt emotions. Hypothesis 2: Neuroticism will be positively related to expressing felt emotions. Surface acting (fake emotions) Previous studies have found relation of displayed emotions with four of the personality dimensions; extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness (Tews Glomb 2003). Extraversion is said to have relation with display of positive fake emotions as they are inclined to positive emotions. Here extraverts are likely to display fake positive emotions for e.g. happiness because they do not need to, as they are by nature positive people and are very optimistic about things, situations, events etc. On the other hand extraverts are good self monitors and can adjust themselves according to the situation; due to their social skills they can easily display positive fake emotions. Similarly if an extravert is not feeling positive they will outwardly display positive emotions to others by suppressing their negative emotions. Hypothesis 3: Extraversion is positively related to expressing fake emotions. Now if we link neuroticism to expressing positive emotions we know that people who rate high on neuroticism experience negative emotions like stress, burnout, depression, anxiety and are more likely to display fake positive emotions in the workplace by suppressing their negative emotions. This is due to the reason that they want to compensate their inner negative feelings and want to be acceptable in front of others. Hypothesis 4: Neuroticism is positively related to expressing fake emotions. Conscientious individuals are very goal oriented, responsible and are high achievers. Once they are hired, conscientious people not only tend to perform well, but they also have higher levels of motivation to perform, lower levels of turnover, lower levels of absenteeism, and higher levels of safety performance at work. So we can say they are more likely to display positive fake emotions in order to fulfill their job responsibilities. Hypothesis 5: Conscientiousness is positively related to expressing fake emotions. But on the other hand it can be negatively related to expressing fake emotions because of the fact that a conscientious person is believed to possess qualities that reflect dependability (e.g., thorough, careful, organized, responsible) as well as volitional constructs such as need for achievement (Barrick Mount, 1991; Hough, 1992, Moon 2001). Non dependable persons make decisions on their own and they are more than happy to live by the desires of themselves not others. They have no difficulty expressing disagreement with others. They dont fear of those around them not accepting or approving of them. They are not at all sensitive to disapproval so they dont behave in a way others want them to (Olvera 2007). So we can say they are negatively related to expressing fake emotions. Hypothesis 6: Conscientiousness is negatively related to expressing fake emotions. Agreeableness is strongly related to expressing fake emotions as they are very good natured, helpful, and cooperative with others and for this they might put on a good face while making interactions with others. Secondly these individuals hardly retaliate when someone treat them unfairly so they might suppress their negative emotion at that time and express fake emotions to avoid conflict. Thirdly as these people are very nice, tolerant, sensitive, trustworthy, kind and warm they are liked by everyone and to maintain this impression they try to be as good with others as they can with the help of artificial display of emotions. Hypothesis 7: Agreeableness will be positively related to expressing fake positive Emotions. Openness to experience reflects persons curiousity, originality, intellect, creativity, and flexibility. McCrae Costa (1991) argued that these individuals have a very broader and deeper scope of awareness and they need to experience new things and ideas. They are not related to any kind of facial expression and any social interaction so no relationship is maintained between openness to experience individuals and emotional labor. Need for Achievement is the desire to do well at something. It is motivated by a want to achieve success, mastery, and fulfillment. People whose need for achievement is high know what they want and reject things which distract them from their goals. They do what needs to be done even when they dont want to so this means if they want to achieve something they can display positive fake emotions in order to excel. These people are highly emotionally stable, they have full control over their emotions and can regulate them where required. So whatever the situation may be they are likely to manage it and strive for success. Lastly they know and understand the principle of communication so they are very strong at communicating and articulating their thoughts in many ways and presenting them to others. And wherever social skills are strong means a no of relationships with others are involved which some way or the other requires an artificial display of emotions. Hypothesis 8: Need for achievement is positively related to expressing fake emotions.

Case Study- Bayfield Mud Company

Case Study- Bayfield Mud Company Dilip Navjot Amanpreet Singh Introduction According to the case study of the bag weight problem, therefore the control department gathered the weight bag as a sample from three different shifts (morning, afternoon, night) every day. As per given report the six samples collected per shift, therefore the size of the sample is six. To analysis the report of three different shift, we will apply x-bar chart and range chart. Moreover we will take mean value i.e is 50, explanation given below. In addition we will also calculate the range chart figure for every samples in different shifts, which will be find out by applying formula (Largest-Smallest). Analysis D3(Value taken from Sigma table)=0 D4 (Value taken from Sigma table)==2.004 N(Sample Size)=6 Standard Deviation=1.2 Desired Control Limit 3Sigma =99.73% Formulation For X Chart UCL x (Upper Control Limit for x bar) = X-Dbl Bar+Zà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³x Lower Control Limit (Upper Control Limit = X-Dbl Bar-Zà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³x à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³x= is calculated by à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³/Sqrt(n) For R Chart UCLR (Upper Control Limit for the Range) = D4*RBar LCLR(Lower Control Limit for the Range)= D3*Rbar Morning Shift For X Chart For R Chart Samples Time Shifts Average Smallest Largest Range X Bar (Averages) 49.80 R-Bar (CL) 3.45 1 6 Day 1 Morning 49.6 48.7 50.7 2.0 UCLx 51.27 LCL r 0.00 2 7 50.2 49.1 51.2 2.1 LCLx 48.33 UCL r 6.91 3 8 50.6 49.6 51.4 1.8 CL 50 4 9 50.8 50.2 51.8 1.6 5 10 49.9 49.2 52.3 3.1 6 11 50.3 48.6 51.7 3.1 7 12 48.6 46.2 50.4 4.2 8 1 49 46.4 50 3.6 9 6 Day 2 Morning 48.6 47.4 52 4.6 10 7 50 49.2 52.2 3.0 11 8 49.8 49 52.4 3.4 12 9 50.3 49.4 51.7 2.3 13 10 50.2 49.6 51.8 2.2 14 11 50 49 52.3 3.3 15 12 50 48.8 52.4 3.6 16 1 50.1 49.4 53.6 4.2 17 6 Day 3 Morning 48.4 45 49 4.0 18 7 48.8 44.8 49.7 4.9 19 8 49.6 48 51.8 3.8 20 9 50 48.1 52.7 4.6 21 10 51 48.1 55.2 7.1 22 11 50.4 49.5 54.1 4.6 23 12 50 48.7 50.9 2.2 24 1 48.9 47.6 51.2 3.6 Afternoon Shift For X Chart For R Chart Samples Time Shifts Average Smallest Largest Range X Bar (Averages) 48.93 R-Bar (CL) 4.38 1 2 Day 1 Afternoon 49 46 50.6 4.6 UCLx 50.40 LCL r 0.00 2 3 49.8 48.2 50.8 2.6 LCLx 47.46 UCL r 8.78 3 4 50.3 49.2 52.7 3.5 CL 50 4 5 51.4 50 55.3 5.3 5 6 51.6 49.2 54.7 5.5 6 7 51.8 50 55.6 5.6 7 8 51 48.6 53.2 4.6 8 9 50.5 49.4 52.4 3 9 2 Day 2 Afternoon 49.70 48.6 51 2.4 10 3 48.4 47.2 51.7 4.5 11 4 47.20 45.3 50.9 5.6 12 5 46.8 44.1 49 4.9 13 6 46.8 41 51.2 10.2 14 7 50 46.2 51.7 5.5 15 8 47.4 44 48.7 4.7 16 9 47 44.2 48.9 4.7 17 2 Day 3 Afternoon 49.8 48.4 51 2.6 18 3 49.8 48.8 50.8 2 19 4 50 49.1 50.6 1.5 20 5 47.8 45.2 51.2 6 21 6 46.4 44 49.7 5.7 22 7 46.4 44.4 50 5.6 23 8 47.2 46.6 48.9 2.3 24 9 48.4 47.2 49.5 2.3 Night Shifts X Bar Chart R Chart Samples Time Shifts Average Smallest Largest R-Bar X Bar Average 48.65 R- Bar (CL) 3.36 1 10 Day1 Night 49.2 46.1 50.7 4.6 UCLx 51.50 UCLr 6.73 2 11 49 46.3 50.8 4.5 LCLx 45.80 LCLr 0 3 12 48.40 45.4 50.2 4.8 CL 50 4 1 47.6 44.3 49.7 5.4 5 2 47.4 44.1 49.6 5.5 6 3 48.20 45.2 49 3.8 7 4 48 45.5 49.1 3.6 8 5 48.40 47.1 49.6 2.5 9 10 Day 2 Night 47.2 46.6 50.2 3.6 10 11 48.6 47 50 3 11 12 49.8 48.2 50.4 2.2 12 1 49.6 48.4 51.7 3.3 13 2 50 49 52.2 3.2 14 3 50 49.2 50 0.8 15 4 47.2 46.3 50.5 4.2 16 5 47 44.1 49.7 5.6 17 10 Day 3 Night 49.2 48.1 50.7 2.6 18 11 48.40 47 50.8 3.8 19 12 47.2 46.4 49.2 2.8 20 1 47.4 46.8 49 2.2 21 2 48.8 47.2 51.4 4.2 22 3 49.6 49 50.6 1.6 23 4 51 50.5 51.5 1 24 5 50.5 50 51.9 1.9 Analysis Report   Ã‚     Ã‚   After calculating and analysing the three different shifts of three days. We can observe that second shift and third shift consistently out of control. Although, 21 Samples of range chart is only out of control which is 7.10 which is greater than UCLr which is 6.9. Despite, this is only shift which is in control.    By observing the second shift it is clearly seen that x chart is out of control, whereas   R chart of second shift is in control only 13 Samples is out of control which is 10.20 whereas UCLr is 8.7842    Now, for third shift, the X bar Chart the process is consistently out of control whereas the R chart is perfectly in control. Recommendation. In order to control the system, Company should be done some changes, mention below In order to build up the productivity, training should be provide to the new employees especially in the night shift. Another solution company can shift experienced employee in night shift to maintain the balance. Bayfield Mud Company should examine their machinery on regular basis as prescribed by managers. As we know a small issued can convert into big hindrance at the time of execution. Company should hire some quality control specialist who can take proper responsibilities of audit and track every problems with all documents in efficient way. Bayfield Company should do automated testing device to observe the bag weights.

Terrorism: Media Simplistically Portrays War as Good vs. Evil :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Media Simplistically Portrays War as Good vs. Evil    The morning of September 11, 2001, will be a communal memory for many around the world.   On this morning, peace was threatened by terrorism on United States ¹ soil and the U.S. declared war in defense of peace. The majority of television, print, and internet media coverage of these events have focused around a discussion of good vs. evil.   In this paper, I will address ways in which hegemonic and counterhegemonic forms of media have contributed to the discussion of good vs. evil at war.    The depiction of good (us) vs. evil (them) in the media has justified war in the name of peace.   The United States ¹ first visual of good vs. evil came with television broadcast statements from the leaders of this war.   From this, the American public ascertained that the evil guys are led by Osama bin Laden who promised that  ³America will not live in peaceÃ…  1 ² sitting atop a rock outside a cave.   In turn, the good guys are led by President George W. Bush who, from his leather chair in the White House, asserted  ³We are at war with terrorism.2 ²Ã‚   These broadcasts became proof for many that  ³they ² attacked peace therefore  ³we ² were justified in declaring war. President Bush extended this belief by reminding the American public that,  ³If you ¹re not with us, you ¹re against us.3 ²Ã‚   This statement called all of America to war against terrorism; Bush ¹s comment implied that those in opposition are the enemy.   As one of the most access ible forms of news, television has become the most powerful form of social pedagogy.   With few exceptions, television has succeeded in perpetuating and legitimizing a hegemonic good vs. evil mentality where  ³we ² are good and  ³they ² are bad.   One could argue that few have sufficient media literacy skills to deconstruct dominant messages put forth by the majority of television networks.    Conversely, internet and print media have, on more occasions, provided counterhegemonic alternative readings on the September 11 events.   One can still visit mainstream websites such as NBC, ABC, FOX, and CNN to view hegemonic references of good vs. evil.   A series of clicks on one ¹s mouse can take a web surfer from photos of candlelight vigils and Twin Tower donation centers to sites where one can watch Powell and Bush, singing calypso, about the demise of Osama Bin Laden as well as play an interactive torture game on the leader of evil4.

Dr. Faustus Essay -- essays papers

Dr. Faustus In Christopher Marlowe’s play, Doctor Faustus, the idea of repentance is a reoccurring theme with the title character. Faustus is often urged by others to repent his decision to sell his soul to the devil, but in the end he suffers eternal damnation. Faustus was resigned to this fate because he lacked the belief in his soul of God. He was once a moral and devout man, but greed led him to sin. Although Faustus has signed a contract with the devil in blood, it is obvious that it is still able to repent. The good angel in the play is trying to make Faustus realize this. Throughout the play the angel encourages Faustus to stay away from dark magic, â€Å"Oh Faustus, lay that damned book aside, and gaze not on it lest it tempt thy soul and heap God’s heavy wrath upon thy head.†(p. 26, line 69-71) Faustus’ growing interest in necromancy leads him to give the Lucifer his soul in return for twenty four years of luxurious life. The good angel is always accompanied by an evil angel who supports Faustus’ choice. Both spirits try to advise him on a course of action, with the evil one usually being more influential. The evil angel speaks of the power, which Faustus thirsts after. Faustus does not want to be a servant to God. He was become disillusioned with the idea of heavenly pleasures when he realizes he can profit immediately from service to the d evil. In an exchange with the good angel he shows his lack of interest in having to work for rewards: Good Angel: â€Å"Sweet Faustus, leave that execrable act!† Faustus: â€Å"Contrition, prayer, repentance, what of these?† Good Angel: â€Å"O, they are means to bring thee unto heaven† With this display of lackadaisical attitude toward God, the likeliness of Faustus repenting be... ... but for Faustus’ weak soul it is impossible. The old man in the play is the opposing character to Faustus. The old man is a devout Christian soul, who in spite of all of the devil’s tortures, begs Faustus to repent. He clings to his faith to the very end and even Mephostophilis is wary of harming him because of his good soul. Mephostophilis says in response to Faustus request to kill the old man, â€Å"His faith is great. I cannot touch his soul. But what I may afflict his body with I will attempt, which is but little worse.† In comparison, throughout the play Faustus is unable to repent. His weak soul is not true to God. He would have to truly belief in the supreme power of God in order to be saved. He does not repent because his faith has changed, he repents because he fears death. All of Faustus’ decisions are made through a weak, greedy, power hungry mindset.

Essay --

1) Content ïÆ'Ëœ Noor-Arfa website is the website that gives the information about their company business detail. This website provide a full information about the type of batik that they produce, the price, the design that the company have and how the customer need to do to make a deal with them. The information that they give in this website is accurate and up to date information because they want the people that want to buy their product get the right and useful information. The purpose of this website is to give the easier way to the customer to make a purchasing and to make an order. The button of this website is well arrange and organized. The button has their own function and users or customers just need to click the right button to get the information. They have provided the button that tells users about their company background, about their products and how to contact them. 2) Design and aesthetics ïÆ'Ëœ This website only use some combination of colour like red, purple, black, white and grey because almost of their product and picture use this colour only. They don't overdo the colour, as it can distract from the written content. The most easily read combination is white text on a black and purple background. Use fonts that are easy to read and are found on most of today's computer systems. Font size for paragraph text is between 10 and 12 pts. For the graphic, this website only uses some important graphic that related to their business only like the graphic for the product and their services. This is as a simple way to increase visual appeal. High quality product images are especially important for online retailers. They Keep it their website simple and allow for adequate white space. Uncluttered layouts allow viewers to f... ... website, it appears in two languages. Users can choose whether they want to play it in Malay language or English language. It can give advantage to the users that cannot master in English language to get the information in this website when they use the Malay. 12) Contact addresses and user support (Address/phone/email is readily accessible for feedback or questions by the users) ïÆ'Ëœ To ensure the quality of the website is secure, and they fulfil all the users need, the website must give the quick respond to the every single things asked by customers. They must provide the way to the users to contact them or how to make the orders. For the Noor-arfa.com website, for me, this website is slow in give the respond to their users because they not provide the email address and their phone numbers in this website. Moreover, this website is not update from time to time. Essay -- 1) Content ïÆ'Ëœ Noor-Arfa website is the website that gives the information about their company business detail. This website provide a full information about the type of batik that they produce, the price, the design that the company have and how the customer need to do to make a deal with them. The information that they give in this website is accurate and up to date information because they want the people that want to buy their product get the right and useful information. The purpose of this website is to give the easier way to the customer to make a purchasing and to make an order. The button of this website is well arrange and organized. The button has their own function and users or customers just need to click the right button to get the information. They have provided the button that tells users about their company background, about their products and how to contact them. 2) Design and aesthetics ïÆ'Ëœ This website only use some combination of colour like red, purple, black, white and grey because almost of their product and picture use this colour only. They don't overdo the colour, as it can distract from the written content. The most easily read combination is white text on a black and purple background. Use fonts that are easy to read and are found on most of today's computer systems. Font size for paragraph text is between 10 and 12 pts. For the graphic, this website only uses some important graphic that related to their business only like the graphic for the product and their services. This is as a simple way to increase visual appeal. High quality product images are especially important for online retailers. They Keep it their website simple and allow for adequate white space. Uncluttered layouts allow viewers to f... ... website, it appears in two languages. Users can choose whether they want to play it in Malay language or English language. It can give advantage to the users that cannot master in English language to get the information in this website when they use the Malay. 12) Contact addresses and user support (Address/phone/email is readily accessible for feedback or questions by the users) ïÆ'Ëœ To ensure the quality of the website is secure, and they fulfil all the users need, the website must give the quick respond to the every single things asked by customers. They must provide the way to the users to contact them or how to make the orders. For the Noor-arfa.com website, for me, this website is slow in give the respond to their users because they not provide the email address and their phone numbers in this website. Moreover, this website is not update from time to time.